Alexander The Great Essay -- essays research papers

Alexander the Great Alexander the Great, was conceived in June, 356 BC, in Pella, the antiquated capital of Macedonia. His folks were Philip II and Olympia. Some state that Zeus was his dad yet it is most likely only a fantasy. Aristotle showed Alexander in his initial youngster years. He animated his enthusiasm for science, medication, and theory. In the mid year of 336 BC, Alexander's dad was killed, and Alexander rose to the Macedonian seat. He wound up encompassed by foes at home and compromised by civic establishments everywhere. Be that as it may, Alexander arranged of rapidly of every one of his foes by requesting their execution. At that point he took off to Thessaly, where partisans of autonomy had picked up authority, and reestablished Macedonian standard. Before the finish of the mid year of 336 BC as general of the Greeks in a crusade against the Persians, initially arranged by his dad before he croaked, he did a fruitful battle against the absconding Thracians, infiltrating to the Danube River. On his arrival he squashed in a solitary week the undermining Illyrians and afterward again took of to Thebes, which had revolted. He overwhelmed the city and wrecked it, saving just the sanctuaries of the divine beings and the place of the Greed verse artist Pindar, and selling the enduring inhabiâ ¬ tants, around 8000 in number, into servitude. Alexander's immediacy in smashing the revolt of Theâ ¬ bes brought the other Greek states into moment accommodation. Â Â Â Â Â Alexander started his war against Persia in th...

Meaning of Liberty

Since a large portion of the American mechanical specialists along with their supporters were from remote nations, they comprehended freedom as being able to live and work in an outside nation under good working and day to day environments. This disposition was charmed on them when they previously chose to go to the place where there is fresh chances to succeed to look for greener pastures.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Meaning of Liberty explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper plans to demonstrate that the assurance to win a battle for acknowledgment of their privileges by abused people must be pushed to specific degrees and that they will put everything on the line to guarantee that they get heard. The laborers felt that the way that they were outsiders didn't entitle the proprietors of the production lines that they worked in to misuse them. The general accord among them was that they were prepared to work for the lowest pay permi tted by law as long as the conditions were ideal. By exploiting the remote specialists, the production lines were rounding up gigantic benefits to the detriment of their workers. Freedom, as indicated by them, would be named getting sufficient compensation for the administrations they advertised. For this situation, the administration alludes to work. Remuneration that was offered by their representatives should have been comparable with the hours they functioned just as the monetary conditions at that point. The modern specialists in America additionally saw the idea of freedom as having the option to convey or deliver their troubles to the business visionaries of the organization they worked for and really get them tackled. To the American modern specialists, freedom likewise implied having the option to make their quality felt without the utilization of power. The capacity to deliver issues that concerned infringement of their privileges first as people and afterward as laborers, without causing commotion was central to the achievement of their motivation. Another reality that explained the laborers appreciation of freedom was the matter of kid work. At the point when Bill Haywood gave his discourse at the regular in Lawrence, he noticed the immense number of youths who were a piece of the strike and didn't yield in voicing his feeling. He roared that the adolescents should be in school as opposed to â€Å"slaving away† in the manufacturing plants. This was a veritable worry that uncovered the dealings of the factories. The utilization of adolescents in the production lines was preposterous and was an immediate infringement of their privileges. The reason calls for compassion since, in an unobtrusive way, the laborers were endeavoring to pass on their complaints utilizing the important channels but all they met with was opposition. They experienced incalculable obstacles as they continued looking for equity. The administration just as the factory pro prietors set up detours that were planned for pounding the strike. This makes it simple to relate to the laborers and their requests which were met with hostility.Advertising Looking for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The plant proprietors and the administration ruled out exchanges. They had a straightforward demeanor that just figured out how to bring the entire organization into disrespect. Their complaints depended on realities that they called attention to which indicated that the organization was not ready to bear its obligations. With the proposition for the decrease of the working hours that were fronted by the administration authorities, came the execution of the plan. The organizations supported the designs to lessen the hours and as needs be diminished the wages that the laborers were procuring. This was not reasonable since they were at that point being paid exceptionally low wages and any further decreases would bring about the effectively poor conditions that they lived in, intensifying to the point of being excruciating for them just as their kids. It is anything but difficult to feel for the reason for the striking laborers since they had attempted to advance their issues to the President of the American Woolen Company but then he had not noble their interests by declining to furnish them with an answer. It is straightforward and grasp the striking specialists cause. This is on the grounds that it is for all intents and purposes difficult to extend ones assets to the extent they were relied upon to broaden theirs. With the improvements in the cotton business realized by the initiation of the new two-loom frameworks in the plants, destructive outcomes were up and coming. A serious droop in the wages just as the exceptional conservation projects and excess delineated an unmistakable catastrophe waiting to happen. Another test was the way that Lawrence was the most costly spot to live in contrasted with some other district in New England. This didn't support the laborers who were modest paid. The expectations for everyday comforts of the areas were high but then the conditions under which the individuals lived were pitiful. In certain quarters, they were named as â€Å"superfluously perilous†. Besides, so as to enhance their pay, it turned out to be to some degree compulsory for the inhabitants of Lawrence who worked in the cotton plants to oblige or lease portions of their houses to paying visitors. This was in an offered to supplement their lease because of the over the top rates they were being charged. Their justification for striking were reasonable in light of the fact that, as much as they attempted to evade rough showdowns with the specialists, the undertaking appeared to be incomprehensible. Every one of the pioneers who attempted to mediate for their sake was captured and charged in court. This shows the specialists were not r eady to haggle with them.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Meaning of Liberty explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The general accord was that the incompetent workers couldn't sort out themselves once their pioneers were charged in a courtroom and tossed into prison. This thought was lost as it was intended to smother the requests just as the privileges of the laborers. The method of activity that the specialists used to capture the pioneers additionally leaves a ton to be wanted. By utilizing strategies, for example, murder which they later accused on the pioneers and consequently captured them, the legislature, through the police, just earned offensiveness from different quarters. This is on the grounds that there was proof in the greater part of the cases that the charged were not even close to the scenes where the wrongdoings were submitted. Combined with the faulty legal methods used to sift through the cases, it is anything but difficult to perceive any reason why anybody would feel for the laborers cause. By controlling the framework to suit their requirements, the cotton business magnates and the exceptionally positioned government authorities (who either had interests in the cotton business or profited profoundly from profound attached debasement that extended to the higher echelons of the system) merited no compassion. This can be expounded more by the captures that were made when the laborers went picketing at the doors of two plants. They were drenched with water that was taken shots at them from the circumscribing tops of the factories. At the point when they tossed back chunks of ice, 36 individuals were captured and charged in court. The 36 people were along these lines and hurriedly imprisoned by a partial adjudicator who after seeing them as liable, expressed that â€Å"the just way we can encourage them is to bargain out the severest sentences† (Watson 2006). The manufacturing plant business visi onaries demonstrated no compassion to the kids they utilized. These youths had to work in the factories because of the decreased financial places of their gatekeepers and guardians and consequently the plants merited all that they got. The reason for the laborers is likewise charming to numerous individuals because of the way that, at the tallness of the strike, they saw it fit to send their kids away to more secure locales because of the rising instances of extra-legal killings which were being completed by different branches of the administration. At the point when the legislature felt free to prevent a gathering of kids from leaving the locale at the railroad station refering to instances of people affecting others to strike, (while the genuine explanation was the consideration that it was causing) they uncovered their clouded side. It is contacting to find out about how the cops were arranged at the station and snatched the youths from the hands of their minders who were then ca ptured and taken to court.Advertising Searching for exposition on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More It warms the heart to realize that the guardians were eager to send their youngsters away with the goal that they would be sheltered and return simply after the strike finished. In any case, the way that the organization sifted through the issue was not lovely. They figured out how to ruin a decent arrangement that was to deal with the youthful and honest youngsters who took no part in the strike. The laborers who took to the streets in Lawrence were genuinely supported in their motivation and will keep on getting compassion from all quarters. Reference Watson, Bruce. Bread and Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream. London: Penguin Books, 2006. This article on Meaning of Liberty was composed and put together by client Kade R. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Bigger is Better Welcome Sandra, Max, Sebastian, Vid, Özge and Christina - Focus

Bigger is Better Welcome Sandra, Max, Sebastian, Vid, Özge and Christina - Focus Bigger is better doesnt only apply to cakes, TVs, wine glasses, and processing power, it also applies to team size! And thats the case for Meister! Weve just added another six team members to our clan, and theyll be utilizing their superpowers (a.k.a very special skills) in Design, Dev Ops, Development and Marketing. Sebastian Banzer: Dev Ops My background I am one of the few native Liechtensteiners there are in this world. Were a rare breed with a population count of just under 39 thousand. Born and raised as they say â€" I lived there my entire life. After finishing middle school and an apprenticeship as an IT Systems Engineer in August 2016, I was taken on as a full-time employee (at the same company where I completed my apprenticeship) and proceeded to work there for another three years. Ive always been interested in computers. My interest dates back to when my father introduced me to MS Paint on Windows 98. Ever since then, I refer to myself as a Paint Picasso even though my MS Paint skills didnt improve. My focus and interests shifted from MS Paint to automating infrastructure and building platforms. My Role at Meister As a DevOps Engineer, my goal is minimize the overhead for code delivery. So once more in English, that means I work to make life easier for our developers whilst simultaneously making sure that security and maintainability is kept at a good level. Ill advise developers on how to build their apps CI/CD ready and Ill also assist on designing and building automated code delivery into our test environments.   About me I really enjoy cooking, taking walks, binge-watching series and hanging out with friends. When Im bored (and in the mood), I occupy myself with a few Codesignal tasks and/or challenges, or playing games either on PC or Switch. Im also partial to a bit of phone browsing, reading reddits superior content on boards like TIFU and AITA. Maximilian Benjamim-Graf: Head of Customer Success My background I was born in a really small town, located in the heart of Austria, called Irdning. With only around 4000 inhabitants, I took the first chance I got to leave and explore the world. Whilst still in high-school, I did a semester abroad in Colorado and the travel bug bit me big time. I then went on to study management and law at the Management Center in Innsbruck, where I did an exchange program in Buenos Aires.   After that (I still wasnt ready to live in Austria) I relocated to London and spent the last four years working in customer service. I gained a wealth of experience within these roles as I took on a variety diverse cases ranging from small all the way up to larger more complicated matters. A quote I really like and that represents my life choices, both professionally and personally, is one by Yoda: Do or do not. There is no try. My Role at Meister As the Head of Customer Success, I am responsible for providing the best service for our millions of customers as well as guaranteeing that the teams skills are used in the most efficient and effective ways possible.   About me When I am not in the office, I spend my time studying and educating myself further. I am enrolled as a law student at the University of Vienna at the moment. Aside from that, my partner and I run a charity that supports members of the LGBTQ+ community in their coming out process. And, if there is still time left after all of that, I like to watch movies, binge watch Netflix or do sports.   Özge Kolay: Performance Marketer My background I come from Istanbul, Turkey and I lived there most of my life. After studying a Bachelor’s degree in Economics there, I moved to Germany to study a Master’s degree in Global Marketing Management. How did I end up in Vienna? Well, I didnt know much about the city before I arrived in 2016 to do an exchange semester, but as it turns out, I fell in love with the city! But, a very interesting job opportunity in online marketing moved me to Graz, where I spent the last two years. But Meister brought me back to the city that I love. Since my Master’s degree, Ive been back and fourth between Germany and Austria living a nomadic (gypsy) lifestyle. Alas, I think those days are over and I am very much looking forward to settling in in Vienna and at Meister. My Role at Meister As part of the Marketing and Growth team at Meister, my area of specialization will be on digital marketing. Ill work on Google, social media ad campaigns, search engine optimization, app store optimization, conversion optimization, and website landing pages. About Me I like traveling, theatre, music, reading, watching series and bike riding. I play a bit of electric guitar, and am part of an amateur band in Graz. I sang in a choir, and was a member of a few amateur theater groups. I also love taking little trips to different destinations and my first goal is to conquer Europe, then maybe Latin America or Australia.   Sandra Unterkircher: UI/UX Designer My background I come from Salzburg, Austria. I have a diploma in Communication Design from the Werbe-Design-Akademie (Marketing and Design Academy). The quest for more knowledge brought me to Vienna, where I went on to study Graphic and Information Design at the New Design University on top of my diploma. Aside from collecting and visualizing data, I was also drawn to coding. Through my studies, I was able to combine my two biggest passions â€" coding and digital design.   My role at Meister I’m a UI/UX designer in the MindMeister team at Meister. One of my responsibilities will be to make sure MindMeister continues to look great. On top of that, Ill work alongside the Meister design team providing input on design and UX tasks. I want all our users to have an amazing experience when using our tools. Additionally, Im responsible for web development, which means that I also get to implement the amazing designs we create. About me In my free time, you can probably find me out and about, exploring the world, while capturing everything with my camera. When I’m not doing that, chances are, I’ll be sitting in a café somewhere, reading a book or design articles over a cup of decaffeinated coffee. I also love nature, watching tv shows and spending time with friends and family. Vid Topolovec: Frontend Developer Processed with VSCO with c9 preset Processed with VSCO with a1 preset My background I grew up in Slovenia. Where I randomly chose to study computer science (which really didnt resonate with me at that time). After a year, I moved to Prague to study interactive media with a specialization in cartoon making. I planned on bringing my dreams to life through animation. However, due to the intensity of the course curriculum, I spent time reflecting on whether or not it was the right move and decided to move back to Slovenia and pursue a degree in mathematics and computer science. This is where I noticed that pretty much each time I solved a coding problem I experienced a very special kind of joy, which eventually led me to learn everything there is to know about the wonderful world of front end development. Finally, an answer to what I want to do professionally after years of searching. My role at Meister As a frontend developer in for MindMeister, Ill be in the team responsible for the user experience. That means that Ill look at building the app in the most user-friendly manner.   About me Im a hobby writer, birdwatcher, music enthusiast and fan of coding. Im the type of person that needs to understand why and how different kinds of patterns work â€" that makes me excited about topics such as: metaphysics, psychology and anything connected to nature. Ive also started digging into behavioral biology and Im absolutely amazed by it! On top of all that, Im also an avid chess player who loves to paint.   Christina Parson: Staff Writer My background My sister and I were lucky enough to grow up around the world with my German mother and American father, due to my fathers job as a diplomat. I earned my first two degrees (Bachelor of Music and Master of Business Administration) in the United States and then moved to Vienna to continue my studies in Opera Performance at the Music and Arts University. Somewhere along the way, I started teaching business English and then technical English, and before too long I was teaching a whole range of subjects at FH Technikum Wien.   After six years there, I made a side-step to work as a Technical Writer at an IT-security company, and found that the work suited me quite well. Im looking forward to applying all the things Ive learned on my twists and turns to my work at MeisterLabs. My role at Meister You should start to see my name pop up on Meister’s blog, Focus, in the near future.   I’ll be writing posts about various topics, such as new features in our apps, how to get the most out of our apps, as well as some personal favorites; stimulating your creativity and practicing mindfulness while working. I’ll also be working on the content on our websites, emails, and newsletters. Who knows what other interesting projects at Meister might find their way to me! About me Im an opera singer, constantly working towards the next project, production, concert, recital, competition or audition. For me, singing is an addiction and the biggest, best challenge of my life. I dont think Ill ever stop, but I very much enjoy the balance I find by working in an unrelated field. Bigger is Better Welcome Sandra, Max, Sebastian, Vid, Özge and Christina - Focus Bigger is better doesnt only apply to cakes, TVs, wine glasses, and processing power, it also applies to team size! And thats the case for Meister! Weve just added another six team members to our clan, and theyll be utilizing their superpowers (a.k.a very special skills) in Design, Dev Ops, Development and Marketing. Sebastian Banzer: Dev Ops My background I am one of the few native Liechtensteiners there are in this world. Were a rare breed with a population count of just under 39 thousand. Born and raised as they say â€" I lived there my entire life. After finishing middle school and an apprenticeship as an IT Systems Engineer in August 2016, I was taken on as a full-time employee (at the same company where I completed my apprenticeship) and proceeded to work there for another three years. Ive always been interested in computers. My interest dates back to when my father introduced me to MS Paint on Windows 98. Ever since then, I refer to myself as a Paint Picasso even though my MS Paint skills didnt improve. My focus and interests shifted from MS Paint to automating infrastructure and building platforms. My Role at Meister As a DevOps Engineer, my goal is minimize the overhead for code delivery. So once more in English, that means I work to make life easier for our developers whilst simultaneously making sure that security and maintainability is kept at a good level. Ill advise developers on how to build their apps CI/CD ready and Ill also assist on designing and building automated code delivery into our test environments.   About me I really enjoy cooking, taking walks, binge-watching series and hanging out with friends. When Im bored (and in the mood), I occupy myself with a few Codesignal tasks and/or challenges, or playing games either on PC or Switch. Im also partial to a bit of phone browsing, reading reddits superior content on boards like TIFU and AITA. Maximilian Benjamim-Graf: Head of Customer Success My background I was born in a really small town, located in the heart of Austria, called Irdning. With only around 4000 inhabitants, I took the first chance I got to leave and explore the world. Whilst still in high-school, I did a semester abroad in Colorado and the travel bug bit me big time. I then went on to study management and law at the Management Center in Innsbruck, where I did an exchange program in Buenos Aires.   After that (I still wasnt ready to live in Austria) I relocated to London and spent the last four years working in customer service. I gained a wealth of experience within these roles as I took on a variety diverse cases ranging from small all the way up to larger more complicated matters. A quote I really like and that represents my life choices, both professionally and personally, is one by Yoda: Do or do not. There is no try. My Role at Meister As the Head of Customer Success, I am responsible for providing the best service for our millions of customers as well as guaranteeing that the teams skills are used in the most efficient and effective ways possible.   About me When I am not in the office, I spend my time studying and educating myself further. I am enrolled as a law student at the University of Vienna at the moment. Aside from that, my partner and I run a charity that supports members of the LGBTQ+ community in their coming out process. And, if there is still time left after all of that, I like to watch movies, binge watch Netflix or do sports.   Özge Kolay: Performance Marketer My background I come from Istanbul, Turkey and I lived there most of my life. After studying a Bachelor’s degree in Economics there, I moved to Germany to study a Master’s degree in Global Marketing Management. How did I end up in Vienna? Well, I didnt know much about the city before I arrived in 2016 to do an exchange semester, but as it turns out, I fell in love with the city! But, a very interesting job opportunity in online marketing moved me to Graz, where I spent the last two years. But Meister brought me back to the city that I love. Since my Master’s degree, Ive been back and fourth between Germany and Austria living a nomadic (gypsy) lifestyle. Alas, I think those days are over and I am very much looking forward to settling in in Vienna and at Meister. My Role at Meister As part of the Marketing and Growth team at Meister, my area of specialization will be on digital marketing. Ill work on Google, social media ad campaigns, search engine optimization, app store optimization, conversion optimization, and website landing pages. About Me I like traveling, theatre, music, reading, watching series and bike riding. I play a bit of electric guitar, and am part of an amateur band in Graz. I sang in a choir, and was a member of a few amateur theater groups. I also love taking little trips to different destinations and my first goal is to conquer Europe, then maybe Latin America or Australia.   Sandra Unterkircher: UI/UX Designer My background I come from Salzburg, Austria. I have a diploma in Communication Design from the Werbe-Design-Akademie (Marketing and Design Academy). The quest for more knowledge brought me to Vienna, where I went on to study Graphic and Information Design at the New Design University on top of my diploma. Aside from collecting and visualizing data, I was also drawn to coding. Through my studies, I was able to combine my two biggest passions â€" coding and digital design.   My role at Meister I’m a UI/UX designer in the MindMeister team at Meister. One of my responsibilities will be to make sure MindMeister continues to look great. On top of that, Ill work alongside the Meister design team providing input on design and UX tasks. I want all our users to have an amazing experience when using our tools. Additionally, Im responsible for web development, which means that I also get to implement the amazing designs we create. About me In my free time, you can probably find me out and about, exploring the world, while capturing everything with my camera. When I’m not doing that, chances are, I’ll be sitting in a café somewhere, reading a book or design articles over a cup of decaffeinated coffee. I also love nature, watching tv shows and spending time with friends and family. Vid Topolovec: Frontend Developer Processed with VSCO with c9 preset Processed with VSCO with a1 preset My background I grew up in Slovenia. Where I randomly chose to study computer science (which really didnt resonate with me at that time). After a year, I moved to Prague to study interactive media with a specialization in cartoon making. I planned on bringing my dreams to life through animation. However, due to the intensity of the course curriculum, I spent time reflecting on whether or not it was the right move and decided to move back to Slovenia and pursue a degree in mathematics and computer science. This is where I noticed that pretty much each time I solved a coding problem I experienced a very special kind of joy, which eventually led me to learn everything there is to know about the wonderful world of front end development. Finally, an answer to what I want to do professionally after years of searching. My role at Meister As a frontend developer in for MindMeister, Ill be in the team responsible for the user experience. That means that Ill look at building the app in the most user-friendly manner.   About me Im a hobby writer, birdwatcher, music enthusiast and fan of coding. Im the type of person that needs to understand why and how different kinds of patterns work â€" that makes me excited about topics such as: metaphysics, psychology and anything connected to nature. Ive also started digging into behavioral biology and Im absolutely amazed by it! On top of all that, Im also an avid chess player who loves to paint.   Christina Parson: Staff Writer My background My sister and I were lucky enough to grow up around the world with my German mother and American father, due to my fathers job as a diplomat. I earned my first two degrees (Bachelor of Music and Master of Business Administration) in the United States and then moved to Vienna to continue my studies in Opera Performance at the Music and Arts University. Somewhere along the way, I started teaching business English and then technical English, and before too long I was teaching a whole range of subjects at FH Technikum Wien.   After six years there, I made a side-step to work as a Technical Writer at an IT-security company, and found that the work suited me quite well. Im looking forward to applying all the things Ive learned on my twists and turns to my work at MeisterLabs. My role at Meister You should start to see my name pop up on Meister’s blog, Focus, in the near future.   I’ll be writing posts about various topics, such as new features in our apps, how to get the most out of our apps, as well as some personal favorites; stimulating your creativity and practicing mindfulness while working. I’ll also be working on the content on our websites, emails, and newsletters. Who knows what other interesting projects at Meister might find their way to me! About me Im an opera singer, constantly working towards the next project, production, concert, recital, competition or audition. For me, singing is an addiction and the biggest, best challenge of my life. I dont think Ill ever stop, but I very much enjoy the balance I find by working in an unrelated field.

CRJ 180 WEEK SEVEN Essay - 1560 Words

COMBATING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY GINA BUFFALOE CRJ 180/STRAYER UNIVERSITY DR. CLINTON MILLER 8/17/2014 COMBATING JUVENILE DELIQUENCY HILSBOROUGH COUNTY, FLORIDA Hillsborough County in the state of Florida initiated a program called the Juvenile Arrest Avoidance Program or JAAP in August of 2010. The the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) was also implemented to provide at-risk youths the greatest opportunity to mature into responsible, law-abiding adults. Although there is more than one goal for the purpose of each program, the main purpose of JAAP is to keep first-time juvenile offenders out of Hillsborough Countys criminal justice system, and to reduce the number of juveniles referred to†¦show more content†¦The self -esteem of the youth isn’t permanently effected by a permanent record. The overall repeat offenses by the juvenile is reduced, and they are provided the necessary services to improve their situation/situations that may have led to the offense. Law enforcement can be utilized more efficiently while the Juvenile Justice System referrals are reduced. (Salinero, 2012) The Juvenile Detention A lternatives Initiative (JDAI) began in 1992 by the Annie C. Casey Foundation with the purpose of providing alternatives to low-risk teens being placed in detention centers. Detention decisions are based on criteria standards for possible alternatives to incarceration. Data is collected to provide accurate numbers to help diagnose and provide alternative solutions to system issues. The JDAI is also actively involved in collaborating between government agencies, and policies regarding these system issues and youth reform. Incarceration options also reduce teens being placed in detention for warrants, awaiting placement and violations. During the 2011-2012 school year there were 137 school related civil citations issued which was reduced 29 percent from the previous school year. There was a 91 percent successful completion rate in this program, and 72 percent of reported offenses in 2011-2012 timeframe were petit theft related. Only 15 percent were reported as simple battery and less than 1 percent was possession of alcohol. This programShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesinformation systems in the restaurant chain that they studied at the time of the Weldwork (1995–7). The calculation of the cost of food used was based on the reconciliation of weekly manual inventory counts with records of food purchases during the week. This left open the possibility that a food margin deWcit (due to food wastage or theft) might be rendered invisible (temporarily at least) through the reporting of an artiWcially inXated closing inventory Wgure—‘managers’ stock’ or phantom inventory

Occupy Wall Street Movement - 1612 Words

Occupy Wall Street Movement Business Ethics 309 Discuss the moral and economic implications involved in the movement. September 17, 2011 is the day the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City. The main issues include social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government according to The New York Times. The mix of moral foundations based on ideas from the anthropologist Richard Shweder, outline six clusters of moral concern - care, fairness, liberty, loyalty, authority, or sanctity. OWS main moral issues include: fairness, care, and liberty. Fairness – the rich (the â€Å"1† percent) got rich by taking without giving. OWS protesters viewed the†¦show more content†¦According to the CIA’s World Fact Book, the United States now ranks 39th in the world when it comes to income inequality. What that means is that only 38 percent out of 136 countries have less equitable distribution of income than the U.S. The financ ial gap has been widening. Income inequality measures may or may not have certain desirable properties such as Scale invariance: inequality is invariant to proportional increases or decreases in Everyone’s income (Allison, 1987).The protesters in the Occupy Wall Street movement have made a point. There is an unfair division of wealth in North America and other industrialized nations around the world. The very rich continue to accumulate wealth while the poor only seem to become more poverty-stricken as time passes. The OWS highlighted an underlying issue – the gap between rich and poor – income inequality. I believe the government has some responsibility for the income inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. Government is deeply involved in the health care and education systems. It is very deeply involved in the housing sector. It’s very deeply involved in finance. So changing government policies have to be part of the solution to any of these things. Income inequality has been increasing due to changing demographic characteristics of the U.S. population. The U.S. population is aged and there are significant increasesShow MoreRelatedOccupy Wall Street Movement1039 Words   |  5 PagesOccupy Wall Street Movement Moral and Ethical Implications Occupy Wall Street Movement Moral and Ethical Implications The Occupy Wall Street Movement that started in September 2011 in Liberty Square in the Finical District was movement organized by people to expose corruptions in cooperate America. The Occupy Wall Street Movement was known, as the peaceful protest due to it’s non-violent, non-aggressive nature and spread to over a one hundred and fifty cities crossRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement1625 Words   |  7 PagesStarted on September 17, 2011, the Occupy Wall Street Movement began in the Financial District of New York City and has received resonance in other American cities as well as to 82 other countries. Concentrating on how the current economic system has affected peoples’ lives, the movement raised issues about the lack in democracy of the financial system, social and economic inequality, and the connection between financial and political power. The income inequality between the rich and the poor wasRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement1982 Words   |  8 PagesThe Occupy Movement is an international activist movement that fosters social and economic change and originated from the actions of the Occupy Wall Street movement (source #7). The focus is on the Occupy Wall Street movement that was launched on September 17th 2011 and was catalysed by Adbusters activist Micah White. White created a web page about the corruption that was happening surrounding the financial crisis in the United States leading to the most recent recession. Large corporations basedRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pages Occupy Wall Street has been called many things including: unfocused, ungrounded, and silly. Others coin it as â€Å"America’s first internet-era movement† (Rushkoff). In quintessence, Occupy Wall Street is a series of protests and demonstrations that oppose the influence that corporate greed has on American Democracy. The protestors manipulate marches and nonviolent demonstrations to express th eir dissatisfaction with the state of American Politics and economy. This relates to the political scienceRead MoreEssay on Occupy Wall Street Movement928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Occupy Wall Street Movement that began in New York Sept. 17 and has since spread like wildfire across the world has made an undeniable impact on the social and political climate of the Upper Midwest. | With various Occupy protest committees continuing to spring up across Minnesota and North Dakota, many working people in the region who, previously, might not have come together on other political issues say they have found common ground in the Occupy Movement. 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This group was initiated by a Canadian activist and it has led to occupy protests and movements around the world. The Occupy Wall Street movement began as a collective expression due to the current economic conditions in the United States of America. Occupy Wall Street has a slogan which is We

Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review Free Essays

string(125) " this means that a preponderance of evidence indicate that the allegations of child abuse did actually occur \(Ifapa 2010\)\." Abstract Assessment of parenting capacity is vital for protection of children from maltreatment. Assessing the parent’s capacity to provide for the needs of the child, enhance their developmental experiences and to protect them from risk is a core task of child care agencies. However, agencies have not always acted in the best interests of the child as seen in the Serious Case Review in Bromley which revealed a significant neglect of two boys despite involvement of various agencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now This prompted the need to conduct Serious Case Review. Based on the assessment, the review panel recommended that processes of assessment and reviews be always informed by attempts to understand the situation from the viewpoint of the child. Whilst recognizing that the welfare of the child should be given paramount consideration, I argue for interventions that seek to address the needs of both the children and their families. Making reference to relevant legislation, policy and practice guidance I consider how, as a social worker in the Bromley case, I would have had due regard for the needs of all family members and how I would have conducted the relevant and required assessments. Assessment relating to children in the family Understanding what happens to children remains a core professional activity for social work agencies (DH 2000). Concerns about a child’s health and development and when such development is being impaired remains a core activity of the agencies. Child care agencies have the ultimate statutory responsibility of safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children (DH 2008). However, they have not always acted in the best interest of the child. This can be seen in the Serious Case Review in Bromley which revealed a significant neglect of two boys despite the involvement of multiple agencies. The two boys had been maltreated including being physically harmed. Despite strong evidence of the level of neglect, the agencies involved allowed themselves to be misled by the parents and continued to underestimate the level of neglect. In February 2010, one of the boys was found with a severe cut on his face which had been inflicted by his father. At this point, it was found necessary to conduct a Serious Case Review and the boys were placed into the care of the London Borough of Bromley (BSAB 2011) The Serious Case Review found that, in light of other parenting concerns, some of the physical injuries sustained by the child had not been fully investigated (BSAB 2011). The review found that agencies had overlooked the possibility that the boys might suffer physical harm. Whilst a stereotypical view that the family was neglectful had already been established, the agencies overlooked the evidence that such neglect could be accompanied by physical abuse (BSAB 2011). Based on the review, the panel recommended that processes of assessment and reviews be always informed by attempts to understand the situation from the viewpoint of the child (BSAB 2011). As a social worker in the Bromley case, I would have conducted the assessment with due regards for the needs of all family members. In other words, I would have conducted assessments relating to the children in the family and assessments relating to the adults in the family as well. In conducting these assessments, I would have taken an evidence based approach which involves systematically collecting the relevant information, distinguishing between the various sources and using the evidence gathered to evaluate the given approaches to intervention. Evidence based approach Often, we tend to think of evidence only as part of judicial process. Evidence can as well be used to inform the assessment process. Evidence must be at the heart of every decision from collection of information to implementation of intervention methods. For social workers to create a support system that addresses the challenges of the 21st century, they must not rely solely on practice wisdom but rather must make use of evidence based knowledge in informing decision making (DH 2008) In this regard, as a social worker in the Bromley case, I would have conducted an evidence-based assessment by identifying, gathering and using the evidence to support and evaluate the given approaches to assessment. This would include systematically recording the information and distinguish between the various sources such as interviews with family members, observations and records from other agencies (Milner Bryne 2010). Some of the questions that I would consider include: What is the nature of information gathered How has this information been produced How can practitioners access the evidence How can this evidence be used to inform practice(Milner Bryne 2010) How I would conduct assessments relating to children in the family In conducting this assessment, the child’s point of view becomes a priority and interview with participants (child and abusive parent) is tailored to the child’s developmental ability (Holland 2004). Before making contact with the family, I would first contact the law enforcement agency to seek their consent. It should be noted that contacting the family without the consent of law enforcement might compromise the criminal investigation (NDHHS 2005). Where criminal activity is alleged, it would be necessary to request to be assigned a law enforcement officer and for the child to be placed in protective custody. Gathering of information I would then contact the reporting party and any other person that might have relevant information about the allegations for further clarification of the information at hand. This will include reviewing previous information. Previous allegations which were not effectively addressed may warrant attention as part of the current intervention (NDHHS 2005). Factors that would determine whether previous allegations may warrant attention as part of the current intervention include: Severity of both the past and present allegations. Length of time that has lapsed and The Degree of similarity between the past and present allegations (NDHHS 2005). Determination The information gathered from interview with the child and the parent, and information from the reporting party will be useful in coming to a determination. There are two possible outcomes: ‘Founded’ – this means that a preponderance of evidence indicate that the allegations of child abuse did actually occur (Ifapa 2010). You read "Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review" in category "Essay examples" ‘Unfounded’ – this means that the preponderance of evidence indicate that the allegations might not be true (Ifapa 2010). Analyzing the information collected for decision making I would cross-reference all the agencies’ reports and evidence obtained from interviews with the child and parent as well as any other useful sources of information. If the allegations turn out to be true based upon credible information such interview with the child, information from physician, and law enforcement report; a number of questions would arise such as: How significant was the maltreatment What effect did the maltreatment had on the child’s developmental and behavioural outcomes Why did the agencies involved ignore the level of neglect Why, in light of other parenting concerns, was the physical abuse not fully investigated At what stage should the agencies have invoked child protection procedures With the preponderance of evidence indicating that the allegations of child maltreatment did occur, I would then conduct a risk assessment to assess the current safety of the child and determine whether the child can be left in the parent’s care or placed in protection. Assessing the risk of maltreatment . In order to determine the risk rating, I would evaluate the following: How extensive are the risks (severity of maltreatment) and how long they have existed Whether the parents recognize and acknowledge the risk that they pose to the child And whether they are willing to seek help and support from care agencies. If the child is found to be in imminent danger, I would contact the county attorney or law enforcement officer to help initiate emergency removal of the child from the parent’s care. I would also assess whether other children in the household are at risk of maltreatment as well. In determining the imminent threat that the child faces, I would first assess the behaviours or conditions causing the threat and then identify the most effective intervention. Risk Evaluation and Safety Plan will help with the assessment process. Unsafe conditions do not necessarily imply that the child should be placed under placement. I would consider other services for controlling dangerous conditions. In Bromley’s case, had the father been found guilty of abuse and arrested for a specific period of time, the safety concerns of the child would have been controlled as the perpetrator will be out of home. A major provision of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 is to make â€Å"reasonable efforts† to ensure that the child remains safely at home before being placed in foster care (Millner Bryne 2010). As such, various services would be considered including day care, family crisis counseling, and respite care among many others. But should the parents refuse to cooperate in using such services, I would consider contacting law enforcement officer for emergency removal of the child from the parent’s care. In conducting the assessment, I would also ensure that the principles and provisions embodied in the Children Act 1989 are adhered to. In particular, I would apply the ‘paramountcy principle’ which requires that the child’s welfare be made paramount when making decisions about child upbringing (NSPCC 2012). This principle is also set out in the Family Law Reform Act 1995. The Family Law Act 1975 was amended to include the legal principle that the child’s best interest be regarded as paramount in any litigation concerning child upbringing (Family Law Council 2004). This principle would be at the heart of the assessment process. That is, the welfare of the child would be given paramount consideration and a checklist of factors would be considered before reaching a decision on whether or not to place the child under protection programs. Fig.1 Genogram illustrating the strength of family relationships (DH 2008) A genogram can be used to illustrate the strength of the family relationships. That is, how close or far apart the family members are, how flexible they are and how well they respond to each other’s needs. Fig.3 Ecomap showing the relationship between the child with immediate family, wider kin and the community An ecomap can also be drawn to illustrate the relationship of the child with immediate family, the wider kin and the community at large. The centre of focus will be the child as shown in fig.2 To indicate the strength of the relationship, I would used different types of lines as shown below: Assessments relating to Adults in the family But conducting assessments from the viewpoint of the child is important for safeguarding and ensuring developmental needs of the child, it would only be fair and ethical for assessments to be conducted with due regard for the needs of all family members. Assessments relating to the adults in the family should have been done as well in Bromley Special Case Review. It should be noted that neglectful families do not just exist in a vacuum. A number of factors can contribute to parent’s maltreatment of their children including factors such as lack of community support, society characteristics, deprived neighbourhoods, family stress, domestic violence, parent’s childhood and developmental history and many other factors (DePanfilis 2006). Parent’s views with regard to issues of child protection concerns have been well documented. In their study of short-term accommodation, Aldgate Bradley (1999) found that parents were reluctant to seek for support from social services due to fears of: Losing their children to child protection enquiries Being perceived failed parents (DOH 2000) Whilst parents may be in need of help and support from social services, the fear of losing their children to child protection agencies and being seen as failed parents deter them from seeking the much needed support. They want help but not at the cost of forfeiting their parental responsibilities (DOH 2000) It is also important to understand the role played by the wider family in providing support. Sometimes, extended families may not provide the much needed support or may be caught up in their own problems (Trevithick 2000). Additionally, parents may not wish to acknowledge to their wider kin about the problems facing them. It is difficult for people seeking help to state their needs especially when these needs are tangled amid feelings of confusion, humiliation, fear and despair (Trevithick 2000). Similarly, it would be necessary to assess the role played by the community in providing practical and emotional support to the family. Social workers must chart both the relationship of parents with the wider kin and their current wider connections to their communities. The absence of physical and emotional support limits the adult’s sense of wellbeing and control (DH 2008). There is also need to consider the impact that environment may have on parental capacity. This is a factor which has been given little consideration in social work. The concerns over the omission of environmental considerations in sociological research have been noted by Jack (1997) and Stevenson (1998). However, research studies have shown that children living in economically deprived neighbourhoods are the most affected, often with deterioration in their health and poor educational development (DH 2008). Environmental considerations have an impact on both the children and the young adults’ ability to succeed as effective parents. Social isolation from the community combined with lack of support from extended families and deprived neighbourhoods can adversely impact on parents’ mental and physical health. As a social worker in Bromley case, I would have also conducted an assessment relating to the adults in the family. The assessment would focus on the needs of the family and how these needs impact on their parenting behaviour. A key distinguishing factor between this assessment with that of the child is that it looks at the relationships between the adults in the family, the extended family and wider community, and examines how this impacts on their parenting capacity (Parker Bradley 2000). Also, the focus of assessment is mainly on the adult. The assessment examines the needs of the adult and whether these needs have been met. The legal basis that guides this assessment comprise of a range of legislations such as The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996, NHS, Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 and subsequent statutory guidance (Parker Bradley 2000). On the other hand, the legal basis guiding the assessment relating to children is The Children Act 1989 and Subsequent Statutory guidance. How I would conduct assessments with due regards to needs of all family members To ensure that all the family members are involved, it would be necessary to use a structured interview protocol. This would ensure thorough gathering of information, accuracy of information gathered, and an increase in staff control over the assessment process. Most importantly, the involvement of all family members would ensure that the assessment is done with due regards for the needs of all the family members. As such, face to face interviews would be conducted in the following order: First, with the child Second, with siblings interviews with adult caretakers Interviews with the parent who is alleged to have maltreated the child And finally, with the family as a whole Interviewing the identified child The interview with the child will seek to gather information about the child maltreatment and assess the child’s immediate safety needs. Information collected at this point include: the child’s explanation, the child’s current conditions, severity of the maltreatment, effects such as fear and extreme withdrawal, the child’s characteristics, and the child’s perception of their relationship with parents and others in the household (NDHHS 2005). Interview with siblings After interviewing the child, I would then conduct an interview with the siblings and other children in the household. The purpose is to determine whether these children have also experienced maltreatment and to assess their level of vulnerability. Interviewing the caretakers This will be followed by an interview with the custodians or rather the caretakers. At this stage, I would seek the caretaker’s personal opinion about the child’s vulnerability to maltreatment and determine the parent’s capacity to protect the child. Information gathered from the interview include: the approach to and view of parenting, relationship with the children, methods used to discipline the children, relationships with extended family, view of supports from the wider community and the climate of the neighbourhood (Holland 2004). Interview with the alleged maltreating parent This is yet another crucial point of the assessment process. The abusive parent will be interviewed to check and get a confirmation from them whether allegations of maltreatment did actually occur. Information gathered from the interview with the parent would include: the parent’s view of the child, his/her explanations about the alleged maltreatment, the parent’s response to the incident, the approach to parenting, relationship with the children, and relationship with the wider kin and the community (NDHHS 2005). Close interviews with family Having completed the interviews, I would convene the family and share with them a summary of my findings, seek their individual responses, show appreciation of their participation, and discuss key concerns raised about the child maltreatment. With the interviews with the participants completed, I would then analyze the information collected for purposes of making informed decisions. Analysis of information gathered relating to the adults I would examine whether the family has been benefiting from ‘direct payments’ as provided for under The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996. This act bestows power to the local authority to make direct cash payments to individuals who are in need of care as opposed to providing those persons community care services (Glasby Littlechild 2009). It is expected that these individuals use the money to secure themselves the services that they need. The service is provided by the government as a means of ‘self-directed support’ to increase autonomy and independence of people (Duffy 2007). Specific issues that I would considered in the review Has the family been receiving direct payments from the government as provided for under The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 Is there a clear evidence of significant harm to the child Given that the father suffered from epilepsy, did the medical condition hinder his parenting ability and did he receive support from the extended family Did the agencies involved identify the needs of the family and did they seek to address these needs by providing them with the much needed support What is the relationship between the parents and the community And how has isolation and lack of community support adversely affected their parenting capacity How has the neighbourhood impacted on the parent’s mental and physical health Were the wishes and feelings of the adults in the family considered and adequately addressed Were appropriate care plans to support parenting capacity put in place by the agencies involved What could have been the outcome if these parents had received support from the extended families and community at large Do assessments appear to have been reached in an informed and professional way having had due regards for the needs of all family members A focus of the assessment on the adults in the family does not imply that the problem of child maltreatment has been forgotten. This family focused approach is to ensure the best outcome for both the child and adults in the family. The principles of family focused practice affirm the primary importance of ensuring the child’s well-being and recognizing the mutual significance of the child and the family (Kendall et al. 2010). I would then think of interventions that will serve the interests of both the children and adults in the family. A range factors can be used to select the appropriate intervention. Among these factors is the appropriate application of social work methods developed from psychosocial theories (DH 2008). These methods include family therapy, cognitive behavioural work, crisis intervention, psychosocial casework, task-centred casework and counseling among many others (DH 2008). The choice of the method would be influenced by the knowledge of what works under particular circumstances. Fig.1 developmental and ecological perspective of child maltreatment (DH 2008) Another important dimension that I would consider in the assessment is the decision whether to place the child in protection program or to have the child looked after at home. Should the decision be made for the child to be placed in protective custody, I would consider factors surrounding placement including plans for adoption or reunification (DOH 2000). Conclusion Whilst concerns about a child’s health and development remains a core professional activity of social care agencies, these agencies have not always acted in the best interest of the child. A prime example of this can be seen with the Serious Case Review in Bromley which revealed a significant neglect of two boys despite the involvement of various agencies. The review found that agencies had overlooked the possibility that the boys might suffer physical harm. Based on the assessment, it was recommended that processes of assessment and reviews be always informed by attempts to understand the situation from the viewpoint of the child. But as we have seen, assessments should be conducted with due regard to the needs of all family members. Assessments should be conducted in relation to the children in the family and adults as well. An evidence based approach that involves identifying, gathering and using the evidence to support and evaluate the given approaches to assessment should be taken. Interventions that serve the interests of both the parents and the children should be implemented. Interventions can take the form of therapy, cognitive behavioural work, crisis intervention, psychosocial casework, task-centred casework and counseling among many others. The choice of intervention is influenced by the knowledge of what works under particular circumstances. Reference Aldgate, J. and Bradley, M., 1999. Supporting Families through Short Term Fostering. The Stationery Office, London. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board (BSAB), 2011. Bromley Serious Case Review Protocol. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board. BSAB, 2011. Child D and Child B: A Serious Case Review. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board Department of Health (DH), 2000. Assessing Children in Need and their Families: Practice Guidance. TSO Department of Health (DH), 2007, Putting People First. TSO Department of Health (DH), 2008. Carers at the heart of 21st century families and communities: a caring system on your side, a life of your own. Department of Health. DePanfilis, D., 2006. Child neglect: a guide for prevention, assessment and intervention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Duffy, S., 2007. ‘Care Management and Self Directed Support’. Journal of Integrated Care Volume 15 (5) Family Law Council, 2004. The ‘Child Paramountcy Principle’ in the Family Law Act. Discussion paper Glasby, J. and Littlechild, R., 2009. Direct Payments and Personal Budgets: Putting Personalisation Into Practice. Bristol: Policy Press Holland, S., 2004. Children and Family Assessment in Social Work Practice. Sage publications Iowa Foster and Adoptive Parents Association (Ifapa), 2010. The child abuse assessment: a guide for foster parents. Iowa Foster and Adoptive Parents Association. Jack, G., 1997. ‘An Ecological Approach to Social Work with Children and Families’. Child and Family Social Work. 2: 109–120. Kendall, S., Rodger, J. and Palmer, H., 2010. The use of whole family assessment to identify the needs of families with multiple problems. Department for Education Laming, H., 2003. The Victoria Climbie Inquiry Report.. London. TSO Millner,J. and Byrne, 2010. Assessment in Social Work. 3rd edition. Palgrave Nebraska Department of Health and Human services (NDHHS), 2005. Initial assessment guide book, Nebraska Department of Health and Human services NSPCC, 2012. An introduction to child protection legislation in the UK. NSPCC Parker,J. and Bradley, G., 2000. Social Work Practice- Assessment, Planning, Intervention and Review. Learning Matters Sharkey, P., 2006. The essentials of community care: a guide for practitioners. London: Palgrave Smale, G. and Tuson, G., 1993. Assessment, Care Management the Skilled Worker. Macmillan Stevenson, O., 1998. Neglected Children: Issues and Dilemmas. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Trevithick, P., 2000. Social Work Skills: A Practice Handbook. OPU White, A., 2005. Assessment of parenting capacity. Centre for Parenting Research How to cite Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review, Essay examples

Sample Solution Production Possibility Curve Or Production Possibilit

Question: Describe about the Production Possibility Curve or Production Possibility. Answer: 1. Production Possibility Curve or Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) shows the possible combinations of production of two goods. It is a graphical representation of an economys output, which shows the efficient use of resources available in the economy. The assumptions for creating a PPF are: there are two goods being produced in the economy, the resources and technology is constant. The availability of factors of production is also limited, which is divided in two goods production process (Manning, 2014). A PPF is constructed in the Figure 1 where, the two goods produced in the economy are butter and mobiles. Figure 1. PPF curve of butter and mobiles Source: As created by the author. The X axis shows production of mobiles and the Y axis shows production of butter. The points X, Y, and Z represent most efficient application of available resources in the economy. Increasing production of butter by moving from point Z to point X will decrease production of mobiles. To increase the production of one good the economy has to sacrifice producing another good, as the available resources are being transferred to the other goods production. This sacrifice of producing mobiles is called opportunity cost. If there were abundance in resources, increasing production of butter would not require the sacrifice of production of mobiles. But in reality, resources are scarce. This is why; production of one good requires resources from the other production process. The scarcity of resources is the reason of the PPF curve being concave (Mankiw, 2014). The points X, Y, and Z shows the efficient points as the resources are used efficiently to achieve that amount of production. The point A represents inefficiency in production process as the production process is not able to absorb all the available scarce resources. Any point under and on the concave curve represents attainable points as the producers of the economy can use variation in resource allocation to attain those points. Those points outside the PPF curve, for example B, are called unattainable points as no combination of resource allocation will be enough to reach these points (Baumol, Blinder, 2015). The only way to achieve production on point B is rise in available resources or change in technology. A new technology will decrease the cost of production and more resources will be available. This will move the curve outward. If there is a decrease in resources or loss in technology the curve will shift inward. Figure 2. Shift of PPF curve. Source: As created by author. In the figure above, PPF1 is the primary Production Possibility Frontier. Assuming the available technology got improved, the PPF curve shifts outward to PPF2. Now the two goods economy can use the same amount of resources to produce more butter and mobiles. Now, if there was a shortage in resources, the PPF curve would have shifted inward to PPF3. In this case, the production process loses the ability to produce at the same amount before as the points X, Y, and Z now unattainable. Here, fewer amounts of mobiles and butter can be produced. If the available technology goes backward, which is less likely, the PPF curve will shift to the left (Kato, 2016). 2. A market is called perfectly competitive when there are a large number of producers and sellers. Because of this huge number no one can influence the market. The price is equal to the marginal cost of production. Increase of price in one sellers product will make the producer lose the market demand. The price of the products is perfectly elastic. It means, a small change in price will have a large impact on demand (Koschker, Mst, 2015). The family farmers of Australia sell their products at a certain price. Import of vegetable products in the country is reducing their price. The cost of production for the family farmers is still the same. They are in a perfectly competitive market. In case of a competitive market a seller sets his price at his marginal cost of production. The super markets, which are selling the imported goods are changing the price for the vegetable products. This makes the market for the family farmers tough to exist. Products being sold by family farmers will be costlier than the price of vegetables which are being imported in Australia. The local farmers are thus leaving their jobs and moving out of their lands (Aussie Farmers Direct, 2016). Due to this uneven competition, since 1981 the number of farmers dropped by 40 percent. In Tasmania, there are now about 5,000 farms, contrasted with 7,200 about 30 years ago. About one-fourth of Tasmania is currently committed to farming, compared with 50 percent of Victoria and 80 per cent of Queensland (Joyce, 2014). Figure 3. Perfectly competitive market. Source: As created by the author. In the figure above, P1 is the price level where the local farmers are operating. The super markets are offering price P2. This shifts the supply curve downward from Supply 1 to Supply 2. Theoretically, no one will buy vegetables from the people charging P1. The number of producers will decrease as they cannot meet their cost of production. In the case of Australian farming market, those farmers who can meet their production cost level at the price level P2 will only remain in the market (Rios, McConnell, Brue, 2013). Price in a perfectly competitive market is extremely elastic. This means, a change in price will shift the demand pattern largely. The local have no influence over the market price. As their selling price is higher than the products in super markets, people are not buying from them. Perfectly competitive market also implies homogeneous goods are being sold in the market. So farmers cannot sell their products as their desired price is greater than that of the super markets (Burkhard, Kroll, Nedkov, Mller, 2012). Australia is importing vegetables at a cheaper rate making the price lower than that of local farmers pushing farmers out of their lands. Vegetable growing operations have dropped since 2014-15 by 15 percent. According to Mr. Kruup, what we as an industry need to do, is we need to look at ways in which growers can reduce their production cost and increase their competitiveness against foreign imports (Mkomwa, Kaumbutho, Makungu, 2015). 3. A) Pokmon Go is a "location-based augmented reality game". It was created by Niantic for iOS and Android operating systems. The vital parts of the game are played through mobile phones' GPS system. Pokmons, i.e. virtual creatures appear on the screen as if they were at the real-world location as the player. The game has gotten both positive and negative reviews. The game has both positive and negative external effects (Cordato, 2013). The negative external effects associated with Nintendos Pokmon go Application (NPA) are: Accidents/ losing awareness of the surroundings: Players of Pokmon go often lose awareness of their surroundings while walking on the road with heavy traffic or walking by the edge of a roof. Several reports came in which described Pokmon go as the reason for accident. Breaking the law: One of the attractions of the game is real world location. To find and catch Pokmons, people often go through places where trespassing is prohibited. The players often break laws in order to get their desired creatures. Losing sense of time: The game needs concentration. People playing the game lose sense of time while playing, and often forget about important stuffs. No matter which time it is, people starts hunting Pokmons with a phone in hand often make others life hard. Security vulnerability for the players using Google accounts for the game: The game requires the players to log in through their Google accounts. The game can access all the details of the account. This makes the security of the players information vulnerable. Planned robberies: There were many reports of robbers using the Pokemon go app to lure in potential victims. They wait for the Pokemon go players in deserted places and rob them People going into business for capturing Pokmon and not supporting the businesses: One of the objectives of the game is to make sure that people go to places like local shops. This will help the small scale businessmen to sell their products. This way the app is targeted to support them. But the players going into business for catching Pokmons are often not buying anything. Losing sleep over night: People losing track of time often leads them to miss their schedule. The players stay awake to catch Pokemons. This causes serious health issues. Server tends to crash due to huge signings: With a large number of people logging in for the game often leads the server to crash. It requires resources to get the server back to its functional form again (Dudley-Nicholson, 2016) B) A negative externality is the cost of a third party's suffering, which is the result of a transaction of two economic agents. People affected due to this transaction indirectly are the victims of negative externalities. A negative externality causes social costs. Demand curve gets higher than the social benefits, or the social costs get higher than the supply curve in a demand-supply model due to negative externalities. The presence of negative externalities makes the market outcome inefficient and diverts from the optimum point of society. The output of the market is greater than the social optimum when negative externality occurs. An economically efficient economy produces more goods than an inefficient one (Henderson, 2014). In the case of a presence of a negative externality, third parties experience adverse effects of an economic transaction, which they are forced to be involved. The market as a whole reduces its profits to repair the damage caused by the negative externalities. The market uses additional reserves to make up for the costs incurred. This is the reason the market becomes inefficient. To maximize economic efficiency, the authorities have to ensure the market failures and imperfections are reduced (Lin 2014). References: Aussie Farmers Direct,. (2016). Family farmers continue to be pushed off the land. | Aussie Farmers Direct. Aussie Farmers Direct. Retrieved 3 September 2016, from https://www.aussiefarmers.com.au/page/our-story-slash-home-truths-slash-food-manufacturing-in-australia Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015). Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S., Mller, F. (2012). Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets. Ecological Indicators, 21, 17-29. Cordato, R. (2013). Welfare economics and externalities in an open ended universe: A modern Austrian perspective. Springer Science Business Media. Dudley-Nicholson,. (2016). Do you want Pokemon Go with that? Aussie businesses trading on apps. NewsComAu. Retrieved 3 September 2016, from https://www.news.com.au/technology/home-entertainment/gaming/apps/how-nintendos-pokemon-go-app-is-helping-australian-business-but-hurting-some-of-its-users/news-story/08ec2f37376f516c0bce662aab4b8ef4 Henderson, J. V. (2014). Economic theory and the cities. Academic Press. Joyce, B. (2014). Canberra observed: Our farmers under siege from government policies. News Weekly, (2935), 3. Kato, H. (2016). Population Growth and Technological ProgressFrom a Historical View. In An Empirical Analysis of Population and Technological Progress (pp. 1-19). Springer Japan. Koschker, S., Mst, D. (2015). Perfect competition vs. strategic behaviour models to derive electricity prices and the influence of renewables on market power. OR Spectrum, 1-26. Lin, S. A. (Ed.). (2014). Theory and measurement of economic externalities. Academic Press. Mankiw, N. G. (2014). Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. MANNING, R. (2014). production-possibility frontier. Production Sets, 51. Mkomwa, S., Kaumbutho, P., Makungu, P. (2015). Farm Machinery for Conservation Agriculture. In Conservation Agriculture (pp. 109-131). Springer International Publishing. Rios, M. C., McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L. (2013). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill.

Human

The American Civil War, first war photographed essays

The American Civil War, first war photographed essays Seeing a picture makes one feel as if he or she knows what is happening. When a person sees a familiar face suffering, it shocks them. Someone may feel as if they are experiencing, or at least comprehending better, what the image in the picture is going through. If the photograph is of people laughing, for a brief second, the person looking at it, thinks that they are a part of the inside joke going on. When the images in the pictures are hurting, the person looking will feel the pain slicing through their flash as well. When the civil war broke, photography had existed in the United States for almost 20 years. The new technology was quickly catching on, and many photographers at the time took it as a challenge to bring the truth about war out to the public. Pictures of lost battles started showing up in newspapers. Images of hurting soldiers fighting for their lives startled the country. The public was able to see the awful reality of war for the first time. Most people did not lik e it. The old myth of an honorable war was somewhat broken, and the battles were no longer a question of imagination. People saw their kids dying, families saw pictures of others loved ones hurting, and thought of their own suffering in the same way. The option to see, and for a second feel, what soldiers were experiencing daily during the way, shocked the public. Other than shocked, the public was interested. When the Harpers Weekly first published pictures of the Bull Run battlefields, its popularity increased so much that even today, one can subscribe to the original copies it has printed in the civil war (ipeters.de/photography.html#intro). Peoples new perspective that war is not a glorious act but rather dreadful and deadly brought rivals to seek and appreciate unity, and helped end the war. A war usually breaks over disagreements on specific ideologies parties may have. The American Civil War broke mainly over the conce...

Do 'Nice Guys Finish Last' (Dore, 2006) Will the Anglo-Saxon model Essay

Do 'Nice Guys Finish Last' (Dore, 2006) Will the Anglo-Saxon model ultimately outperform the superior Rhine model - Essay Example Reforms in Japan and Germany The chapter ‘Nice Guys Finish Last’ tends to demonstrate the transformation that is needed for the reformers in Japan as well as Germany who tends to pay utmost attention towards escalating inequality as well as unfair competition. These reformers are further observed to impede the process of cooperation upon which the social cohesion has been grounded. They also promise to humiliate the quality of the lives of the people by a considerable level (Dore, 2006). In comparison to other capitalist economies, it has been noted that the institutional framework belonging to the Germany framework has been quite different. Markets of Germany are found to be instituted politically and socially monitored. The managers belonging to big German firms tend to come across capital as well as labour markets that are further found to be greatly controlled or arranged. This particular facet eventually facilitates capital as well as labour to play an imperative pa rt directly into the day to day business operation. In other words, the German model related to advanced capitalism can be described as an economy possessing high wage along with high competitiveness in the world. It has also been apparent that the country practices strong social cohesion along with low degree of inequality in different dimensions (Streeck, 1996). The various institutions of numerous nations have been found to make proper use of the unique set of socio-economic institutions that generally resides in both social as well as financial markets. Furthermore, these institutions endorses specific framework of production that is also connoted as diversified quality production. The institutions during the 1970s as well as 1980s have made high wages along with their low distribution of the wages and income more effective. It can be stated that the institutionalised high-wage sort of economy such as Germany tends to face greater problems related to financial performances. It i s quite significant for such an economy to meet a set of rules and policies in order to remain competitive and maintain cohesiveness in the society. The crisis prevailing in the German social market economy can be demonstrated in case of concurrence of three factors such as secular collapse of the model, the anxieties related to unification among the people of the society as well as the limitations that has been inflicted by the globalisation of the capitalist economy (Streeck, 1996). It can be revealed that the British as well as the Americans are considered to be the pioneers whose institutions along with the economic behaviour tends to confirm the principles of the neoclassical textbooks. On the other hand, Germany's as well as Japan’s institutions diverge from the principles that have been made in the neoclassical books. It has been apparent that the finance along with the corporate control structures had been quite alike in the 1920s in comparison to the later years. It was by the end of the post-war golden age that demonstrated the signals of convergence related to similar types of managerial capitalism (Dore & et. al., 1999). Approaches to Comparative

Product Development block Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Development block - Essay Example It will discuss diets from a collection of foods that a female is required to take for effective weight reduction. In addition, the mechanisms and norms that one should develop along with health dieting in order to achieve a standard healthy weight will be analyzed. Whole grains- whole grains consist of food such as wheat, oats and bulgur. These kinds of foods are rich in fiber. This kind of food are highly recomeneded as they cause the consumer to feel full for a longer period of time as compared to other types of foods. Therefore they reduce the average capacity one would eat other meals. As a result, the person reduces the chances of gaining weight. Moreover, whole grains can improve the overall health status of a female. This is because they reduce the conversion rate of carbohydrates to sugar (TURNER, N. 2010, p. 576). Grains are a good source of carbohydrates.In a day, four servings of every grain taken in moderation is advisable for healthy living. Broccoli and green beans among others have the same response as whole grains. They make the consumer fill satisfied for a longer time therefore reducing their feeding habits. A female taking vegetables is more likely to remain healthy and avoid gaining weight. In addition, vegetables are low in calories. In a day, a female is advised to take at least two to three servings of fruit. Healthy living requires each female of course to ensure fruits taken are fresh. They should avoid peeling the fruits as this ensures they maximize on the fiber found in the skin of the fruits. Fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamin A and C. On average, females are advised to have 3 to five servings of vegetables in a day. A serving of vegetables comprises of a cup of leafy raw vegetables, half a cup of cooked vegetables and a glass of fresh juice or fruit. One can take one or two fruits in a day. Commercial bottled juices are not advised as they contain high calorie content and unnecessary

Ethical Issues in Addiction Counselling

Ethical Issues in Addiction Counselling Ethical Issues in Addiction Counseling Although counselors and psychologists remain focused in their professional ethics by following ethical standards which are similar; this is not the case in addiction counseling because counselors encounter different situations due to the nature of their counselees. O deal with this challenge is therefore imperative for the counselors to work towards realizing their ethical standards based on ethical standards of the counseling profession (Scott 2000). There are six unique ethical issues to be analyzed fully. The addiction treatment is not therapeutic as many processes psychology for it tends to be base more on faith than the scientific approach. The research being undertaken currently suggests that there is more research on the field of addiction and scientists have almost come into conclusion that addiction is a brain disease. Chemicals and their exposure to the brain is the main cause of addiction. Scott goes further to argue that drunkards recovering from alcoholism are not normal enough since the alcohol affects cognitive reasoning. However, the main problem is that many psychologists are known not to link alcoholism with clinical research to determine the interrelationship. This argument has elements of truth in tit because you can find that the practitioner rarely you will find them in touch with the research hence link is vital to addictive counselors and counselees. The greatest enemy to the promotion of integrated approach in harmonizing theory, research and clinical practice is tradition. Many practitioners think they know much from their experience and they hold on to the past ways of doing it. This is a clear indication of ignorance. For those who can not work within the disease model are advised to change to other forms of rehabilitation to safeguard many drug dependent from leaving the counseling censure. The addicts whom refuse to follow the classic disease model are said to be in denial or even adamant to change. Instead of forcing clients, to w ays that they do not like the counselors should be open minded and use the available methods. Hence, imperative to be open to look at the treatment model and whether it works or not and device new ways.Another very important point that affects Counseling addictions is the failure for professionals to agree on who is fit to handle these cases. Since this research is more complicated it requires advanced training which lacks with many addict counselors. The idea of uniformity rather than individualized training aimed at tackling the problems as per addict.Moreover there is questionable propensity of group work or team work. Since the professionals are not enough in this field then groups like Alcoholics Anonymous have come to aid their fellow alcoholics and they offer group approach counseling. With their dark past many of these addicts could have cognitive impairment because of using drugs and may develop antisocial behavior hence will not be in position to fit in the group discussio n. Furthermore, there is confidentiality and the federal laws are tougher on addictive law than the states this is made to encourage addicts to feel free to go for counseling without fear of being apprehended..In addition there should be clear cut demarcation between who gives the go ahead for counseling. Although, many of these decisions are made by people who are not sound it is advisable for the government to avoid forcing addicts to counseling like the law that incase you are caught driving and drunk you attend Alcoholics Anonymous. Incase the counselor finds the customer is not responsive it is the ethical responsibility of the counselor to stop the process otherwise there is no need to squander the customers money without results.In conclusion this article is scholarly because it has addressed paramount ethical issues affecting addiction counseling and the way forward. Ethics in Substance abuse Rehabilitation Most substance abuse practitioners are persons that are in recovery which means that this practitioners may have limited training in ethics thus they may encounter problems while trying to recognizing ethical dilemmas while in practice. This field lacks a framework within which it works consistently. In the past ethical problems in substance abuse were resolved using professional codes of practice of other fields e.g. medicine. However practitioners often feel that ethics is more of a personal issue thus organizations have been helping support practitioners sense of mortality and professional behavior through laws, regulations etc. Practitioners come from various training backgrounds which in turn affects their ethical background Howeverarticulate ethics and values can help improve and guide professional conduct.A clear set of standards and ethical framework may help practitioners clarify case management decisions and increase their competence in serving the clients because without a clear set of ethical standards for practice counselors may feel the pressure to comply with particular set of beliefs, causes etc. However a major setback undermining the achievement of good conduct is that many therapists are refusing to be part of any comprehensive program evaluation.The main aim of code of ethics according to Kerry in code of ethics is to; protect the health of the client by laying down standards of quality, provide guidance for professional behavior and also to protect and promote the professional identity and integrity of a profession. Ethical principles of rehabilitation counseling include; Autonomy which refers to independence, freedom and the capacity for self governance. States that the client should have autonomous voice in his/her treatment enabling him/her to make decisions. Beneficence which is an ethical principal that emphasizes an obligation to promote client welfare. Clients interests should be above the counselors. Non munificence refers to acting in a manner that does not harm the client. Rehabilitation counseling should function within the limits of the counselors role, training and technical competence and only on positions for which counselors are professionally qualified. Justice principle requires practitioners to treat clients fairly e.g. in the allocation of monies, resources and time. Also in the charging of professional service.Fidelity principle focuses on loyalty and honesty in professional relationships between councilors and clients, colleagues among others. It includes protection of clients personal information. Ethical dilemma exists when two or more ethical principle values come into conflict and suggest opposing courses of action..In conclusion findings of this article are scholarly in that they clearly show that substance abuse treatment field is rapidly changing. Treatment facilities are attempting to individualize therapy to meet the needs of a diverse clientele by increasing the menu of treatment option s, while more and more counselors are entering the field with less mentoring and limited training in ethics. Ethical practitioners are becoming more and more aware of the contextual forces in the profession that influences their ethical practices. Confidentiality in Substance Abuse Counseling Confidentiality has been defined in The Social Work Dictionary as: A principle of ethics according to which the social worker or other professional may not disclose information about a client without the clients consent. This information includes the identity of the client, content of overt verbalizations, professional opinions about the client, and material from the records. In specific circumstances, social workers and other professionals may be compelled by law to reveal to designated authorities some information (such as threats of violence, commission of crimes, and suspected child abuse) that would be relevant to legal judgments.In the 1996 revision, confidentiality is highlighted in three specific areas of practice: with clients, with colleagues, and in research. In Section 1.07 of the current Social Work Code of Ethics eighteen different categories of responsibility social workers have towards their clients confidentiality are outlined .The fact that there are eighteen provis ions, more than any other area in the code, demonstrates the importance of confidentiality to the profession of social work. These points specifically address what is considered confidential material, with whom and when that material can be released, and when and how this information should be explained to clients. Specific highlights include: Social workers have permission to disclose information only with the proper consent of the client. Social workers should inform clients about confidentiality, and when and to whom disclosure is appropriate. Social workers cannot disclose information to third party payers without consent of the client. Social workers should not discuss confidential information unless privacy can be assured. Confidentiality should be maintained in a technological office that includes computers, faxes, and cellular phones.Exceptions to confidentiality; there are times in the course of the client-worker relationship that the client may voluntarily rescind confiden tiality. There are other times where confidentiality is not legally binding on the social worker. These circumstances relate to safety of the client or others. Important issues related to confidentiality include client consent, duty to warn, and privileged communication. Consent. There are many times where it would be beneficial for a social worker to talk to others who are involved in the clients life. This might focus on obtaining third party reimbursement, additional history, collateral collaboration, court testimony or sharing information with other service providers. With managed care, clients generally want reassurance that their sessions will be covered, but that only the minimum amount of information is provided to the insurance company (Corcoran Winslade, 1994). Therefore, clients often allow social workers to release information to insurance providers, including diagnosis and treatment plans, but rely on workers to not divulge every aspect of their drug and/or alcohol use .A second occasion when a social worker may seek a clients consent is in pursuing additional history from collateral sources or corroboration of information. This will occur primarily during initial assessment; however, it might take place later during the treatment process. For instance,when a client is admitted to a psychiatric unit, there may be a need for additional information such as family history of psychiatric disorders or substance abuse, the precipitating event, or the clients current living arrangements. Such additional information, usually provided by a family member, may be beneficial in making an assessment and verifying a clients information. Findings of confidentiality in substance abuse counseling are scholarly in that it shows how applying the standard confidentiality rules for basic social work practice is not adequate or acceptable when working with substance abusing clients and may well cause legal and ethical difficulties. Comparison is most exhibited in the a bove articles mostly in the way of addressing practitioners know how which is clearly a hindrance in effective counseling. All articles observe reluctance on part of therapists in observing ethics code. Also all three articles address ethical issues in counseling. Furthermore all articles observe the importance of practitioners to observe code of ethics. All three articles support each other.Information in all the articles can be synthesized in terms of observing substance councelling which is discussed in all the articles. This can address all issues brought forward in addiction councelling. By broadly talking about ethical issues in substance addiction councelling, this will address all concerns.

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Under this contract, the customer selects the capital equipment or property (assets) to be nuanced by the bank and the bank then purchases these assets from the manufacturer or supplier and then leases them to the customer for an agreed period. In conformity with the Shari's, the owner of the assets (in this case the bank) must be paid rent (fixed or variable, as agreed by the lesson and lessee) and must exercise all the rights and obligations that are incidental to ownership such as maintaining, insuring and repairing the assets.The lessee, on the other hand, obtains the use of the asset for the period of the lease subject to paying the rent. The lessee may assume the obligations, such as maintaining, insuring and repairing the asset, in return for a reduced rent. 1 . 3. 2 What is Car Ajar? As mentioned above ‘Jar is basically the transfer of suffuses (defined below) of a fixed asset to another person for an agreed period, for an agreed consideration. Under a Car ‘Jar ag reement the car will be rented to the customer for the period agreed at the time of contract.Upon completion of the lease period the customer in the Means case discussed below, gets ownership of the car against his initial security deposit. Car ‘Jar is a Shari's-compliant car-leasing scheme. It is based on the principles of Jar and is completely free from the element of interest. This product is designed for interpretative individuals, looking for a car-financing scheme that helps in avoiding interest-based transactions. So Car ‘Jar is simply a rental agreement under which the car will be given to the customer in exchange for rent for a period, agreed at the time of the contract.Means Bank, based in Pakistan and a pioneer in this area, purchases the car and rents it out to the customer for a period of three, four or five years. Upon completion of the lease period the customer gets ownership of the car against his initial security deposit. Somewhat confusingly, the Means Car ‘Jar scheme has elements of ‘Jar WA Satin within it. In this case study I propose to follow the Means assumption in using ‘Jar in the sense that it involves car ownership at the end of the maturity of the deal. This is in line with Shari's methodology and terminology. . 3. 2. 1 What is Suffuses? Suffuses is the right of enjoying a thing, the property of which is vested in another, and to draw from the same all the profit, utility and advantage that it may produce, provided it be without altering the substance of the thing. Items without suffuses cannot be leased. It is necessary for a valid lease contract that the corpus of the leased asset remains in the ownership of the seller, and only its suffuses is transferred to the lessee. 1 . 3. 3 In what Sense is Car ‘Jar Interest Free?In Car Ajar, the asset remains under the ownership and at the risk of the bank and the customer only pays the rental for the use of the asset, Just like the rent of a house. 3 Und er leasing or lease purchase, the Islamic financial institution buys the financed asset and retains the title through the life of the contract. The customer makes a series of lease payments over a specified period of time, and may have the option at the end to buy the item from the lesson (and owner) at a pre specified residual value. Leasing was not originally a mode of financing.It was simply a transaction meant to transfer the suffuses of a property from one person to another for an agreed period and an agreed upon consideration. Leasing can be used as a mode of financing, in Islamic banks, as an alternative to conventional car financing. However, the consideration of leasing as a mode of financing should be based on certain notations. It should be understood, by all using it as a mode of financing, that it is not sufficient to substitute the term ‘interest' with the term ‘rent', and use the term ‘mortgage' instead of the term ‘leased asset'.There must be a significant difference between leasing and an interest-bearing loan. It is no secret that an Islamic bank or financial institution will take into consideration the same factors as a conventional bank when determining the rental payments and residual value. These would include the rate of inflation, the creditworthiness of the Jesse, the opportunity cost value of the money (as reflected by market interest rates) and so on. An implicit ‘interest rate' can trivially be calculated from the price, residual value, term of the lease and the lease payment.This fact is not hidden. Indeed Muslim customers are encouraged to ‘shop around' and ensure that the Islamic financial institution is not implicitly charging an interest rate, which is in line with the conventional market. In the final analysis, however, the difference is in the form of the contract. If the lease is structured in accordance with the various conditions within Islamic Jurisprudence, t will contract no rib and e nsure that it cannot contain such forbidden rib in the future (e. G. In terms of late payment fees, etc. ). 1 . 3. 4 What is the Difference between a Conventional Lease and an Islamic Lease? The most important financial difference between Islamic leasing and conventional leasing is that, with Islamic leasing, the leasing agency must own the leased object for the duration of the lease. Therefore, although leasing a car from a car manufacturer or car dealership may in principle be permitted for Muslims (if the contract satisfies the other conditions), Muslims should investigate further.In many cases, the car dealership may in fact use a bank or other financial intermediary to provide a loan for the present value of lease payments, and charge the customer interest on this loan. This would constitute the forbidden rib. Scrupulous Islamic financial institutions ensure that the contract abides by all the restrictions set out in the Shari's (e. G. , subleasing requires the permission of th e lesson; late payment penalties must be handled very carefully to avoid rib, etc. ). The differences between conventional and Islamic financing schemes are described in he sections below. 1. 3. 4. Leasing versus Conventional Financing Conventional Financing The conventional financing schemes provide financing for purchasing a car; that is, in essence the financier is giving a loan and charging interest. 4 Islamic Financing The Islamic car financing – ‘Jar – is based on a lease contract. It is not a financing scheme; rather it is a lease contract. As mentioned earlier leasing is a contract whereby suffuses rights to an asset are transferred by the owner, known as the lesson, to another person, known as the lessee, at an agreed-upon price, called the .NET, and for an agreed-upon period of time, called the term of lease. . 3. 4. 2 Rentals versus Installments A conventional car financing scheme is actually an interest-based loan given by the financial institution, w ith interest being charged on the loan. Islamic car financing is based on pure rentals. In Car ‘Jar the asset remains at the ownership and risk of the bank and the customer only pays the rental for use of the asset, Just like the rent for a house. 1. 3. 4. 3 Ownership In conventional car financing, the car is purchased in the name of the buyer from the dealer. Islamic FinancingUnder ‘Jar the ownership remains with the bank; that is, the car is purchased from the dealer in the name of the bank. This is because it is one of the foremost conditions of the Islamic mode of leasing that an object cannot be leased out unless it is in the possession of the lesson. 1. 3. 4. 4 Risk/loss Since the car is bought in the name of the buyer in the traditional mode of car financing, the risk is immediately transferred to the buyer, whereas in the case of Islamic financing, this is not so. The car is purchased in the name of the bank from the dealer and so the risk mains entirely with the bank.As the corpus of the leased property remains in the ownership of the lesson, all the liabilities and risks emerging from the ownership are borne by the lesson. The lessee is responsible for any loss caused to the asset by misuse or negligence. The lessee can also be made liable for the wear and tear, which normally occurs during its use. But the lessee cannot be made liable for a loss caused by factors beyond his control. (The agreements CIO 5 with traditional car financing generally do not differentiate between these two situations.In a lease based on Islamic principles, both situations should be dealt with separately. 1. 3. 4. 5 Down-payment versus Security Deposit Both the down-payment and the security deposit are one-time payments. The major difference occurs because the buyer can buy back the car against the security deposit in the case of Ajar, whereas in conventional banking the down-payment remains with the bank, and no buy-back of the car can occur against the down- p ayment. With ‘Jar the buyer is required to keep a security deposit at the bank.There is a minimum and a maximum requirement for the security deposit. The requirement is efferent in the case of conventional car financing, where a down-payment is made by the buyer of the car. 1. 3. 4. 6 Return of the Car In a traditional car financing scheme, the customer takes out a loan to purchase the car, which he cannot return under any circumstances whatsoever, unless he pays off the loan. Islamic Financing In the Islamic mode of financing, the buyer has the right to return the car anytime during or at the end of the lease period.Since this is a lease agreement, and the lessee has been paying rentals, he can return the car to the bank and take back the security deposit any time he wishes. . 3. 4. 7 Termination of Contract The buyer of the car has the option and right to terminate the contract and return the car before the contract reaches its maturity in both the conventional and Islamic m ode of car financing. The difference lies in the post-termination phase. In the conventional car financing scheme, if the customer wants to terminate the contract the only option he has is to buy the car by paying the rest of the installments.In the Islamic car financing scheme, the customer has two options: either return the car and get back the security deposit or buy the car from the bank at the market alee plus a certain percentage of spread for the bank. 6 1. 3. 4. 8 Documentation Differences Sequence/process Islam considers the procedure in which any transaction takes place as a significant factor in all modes of financing. The underlying difference between the Islamic and conventional modes of financing is that of the process. To Muslims, not only the end result but also the means to it are important.If the result is correct and the steps are wrong, or vice versa, the entire process is deemed invalid, from a Shari's perspective. According to Shari's principles, lawful steps t o lawful results are very important. The most important financial difference between Islamic permitted leasing and conventional financial leasing is that the leasing agency must own the leased object for the duration of the lease. Ownership of the asset is the prerequisite for leasing out its suffuses. As mentioned, Islam places great emphasis on the sequencing. 1 . 3. The Means Bank Car ‘Jar Scheme Means Banks Car ‘Jar has been designed according to the principles of Islam and is completely interest-free. Moreover the ‘Jar contract and other documentation also comply with Shari's requirements. In contrast, a conventional car-financing scheme s actually an interest-based loan given by the financial institution with interest being charged on the loan. Also, in conventional car-leasing schemes, the lease contract is not in compliance with Shari's law and has rib and other UN-lilacs elements in it. 1. 3. 5. What Makes Car ‘Jar Unique? Some of the key characteris tics of the Means Car ‘Jar are described in the following sections. Rights and Liabilities of Owner Versus User ‘Jar is an asset-based contract, that is, the lesson should have ownership of the asset during the life of the contract. Under Shari's law all ownership-related rights and abilities should lie with the owners while all usage-related rights and liabilities should lie with the user. A conventional lease contract does not distinguish between the nature of these liabilities and dumps all liabilities on the user.This is not permitted under the Shari's. Under ‘Jar all ownership-related risks lie with the bank and all usage related links lie with the user, thus making the lesson the true owner of the asset and making the income generated through the contract permissible (hall) for the Islamic bank. Continuation of Lease Rentals in the Case of Total Loss or Theft of Vehicle If the eased vehicle is stolen or completely destroyed the conventional leasing company wo uld continue charging the lease holder rent until the settlement of the insurance claim.Under the Islamic system, however, rent is consideration for usage of the leased asset and, if the asset has been stolen or destroyed, the concept of rental becomes void. As such, in the above-mentioned eventualities, Means Bank does not charge the lease rental. Is there a Penalty for Late Payment of Rent? If so How is This Permissible Under the Shari's? In most conventional financial leases an extra monetary amount is charged if rent is to paid on time. This extra amount is considered as rib under the Shari's and is distinctly forbidden 7 (harm).The lessee may be asked to undertake that if he fails to pay rent on its due date, he will pay a certain amount to a charity that will be administered through the bank. For this purpose Means Bank maintains a charity fund where such amounts may be credited and disbursed for charitable purposes. What is the Insurance Arrangement under Car Ajar? Being the owner of the car, the bank will be responsible for insurance of the car and for paying the insurance premium. If Tactful (Islamic insurance) is not available, the insurance is done under the conventional system.Can the User Buy the Car Prior to the Termination of Rental Agreement? Yes. The rental agreement contains the purchase price schedule. Is the Product Approved by Means Banks Shari's Board Yes. Car ‘Jar is designed under the supervision of Means Banks Shari's Supervisory Board and is approved by the Board. In order for any Islamic financing technique to be acceptable to the Islamic community it has to be endorsed by the appropriate Shari's Board who will provide a Fatwa (a religious ruling). The appendix to this case illustrates the Fatwa applicable to the Means Bank Car ‘Jar agreement.