CRJ 180 WEEK SEVEN Essay - 1560 Words

COMBATING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY GINA BUFFALOE CRJ 180/STRAYER UNIVERSITY DR. CLINTON MILLER 8/17/2014 COMBATING JUVENILE DELIQUENCY HILSBOROUGH COUNTY, FLORIDA Hillsborough County in the state of Florida initiated a program called the Juvenile Arrest Avoidance Program or JAAP in August of 2010. The the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) was also implemented to provide at-risk youths the greatest opportunity to mature into responsible, law-abiding adults. Although there is more than one goal for the purpose of each program, the main purpose of JAAP is to keep first-time juvenile offenders out of Hillsborough Countys criminal justice system, and to reduce the number of juveniles referred to†¦show more content†¦The self -esteem of the youth isn’t permanently effected by a permanent record. The overall repeat offenses by the juvenile is reduced, and they are provided the necessary services to improve their situation/situations that may have led to the offense. Law enforcement can be utilized more efficiently while the Juvenile Justice System referrals are reduced. (Salinero, 2012) The Juvenile Detention A lternatives Initiative (JDAI) began in 1992 by the Annie C. Casey Foundation with the purpose of providing alternatives to low-risk teens being placed in detention centers. Detention decisions are based on criteria standards for possible alternatives to incarceration. Data is collected to provide accurate numbers to help diagnose and provide alternative solutions to system issues. The JDAI is also actively involved in collaborating between government agencies, and policies regarding these system issues and youth reform. Incarceration options also reduce teens being placed in detention for warrants, awaiting placement and violations. During the 2011-2012 school year there were 137 school related civil citations issued which was reduced 29 percent from the previous school year. There was a 91 percent successful completion rate in this program, and 72 percent of reported offenses in 2011-2012 timeframe were petit theft related. Only 15 percent were reported as simple battery and less than 1 percent was possession of alcohol. This programShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesinformation systems in the restaurant chain that they studied at the time of the Weldwork (1995–7). The calculation of the cost of food used was based on the reconciliation of weekly manual inventory counts with records of food purchases during the week. This left open the possibility that a food margin deWcit (due to food wastage or theft) might be rendered invisible (temporarily at least) through the reporting of an artiWcially inXated closing inventory Wgure—‘managers’ stock’ or phantom inventory

Occupy Wall Street Movement - 1612 Words

Occupy Wall Street Movement Business Ethics 309 Discuss the moral and economic implications involved in the movement. September 17, 2011 is the day the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City. The main issues include social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government according to The New York Times. The mix of moral foundations based on ideas from the anthropologist Richard Shweder, outline six clusters of moral concern - care, fairness, liberty, loyalty, authority, or sanctity. OWS main moral issues include: fairness, care, and liberty. Fairness – the rich (the â€Å"1† percent) got rich by taking without giving. OWS protesters viewed the†¦show more content†¦According to the CIA’s World Fact Book, the United States now ranks 39th in the world when it comes to income inequality. What that means is that only 38 percent out of 136 countries have less equitable distribution of income than the U.S. The financ ial gap has been widening. Income inequality measures may or may not have certain desirable properties such as Scale invariance: inequality is invariant to proportional increases or decreases in Everyone’s income (Allison, 1987).The protesters in the Occupy Wall Street movement have made a point. There is an unfair division of wealth in North America and other industrialized nations around the world. The very rich continue to accumulate wealth while the poor only seem to become more poverty-stricken as time passes. The OWS highlighted an underlying issue – the gap between rich and poor – income inequality. I believe the government has some responsibility for the income inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. Government is deeply involved in the health care and education systems. It is very deeply involved in the housing sector. It’s very deeply involved in finance. So changing government policies have to be part of the solution to any of these things. Income inequality has been increasing due to changing demographic characteristics of the U.S. population. The U.S. population is aged and there are significant increasesShow MoreRelatedOccupy Wall Street Movement1039 Words   |  5 PagesOccupy Wall Street Movement Moral and Ethical Implications Occupy Wall Street Movement Moral and Ethical Implications The Occupy Wall Street Movement that started in September 2011 in Liberty Square in the Finical District was movement organized by people to expose corruptions in cooperate America. The Occupy Wall Street Movement was known, as the peaceful protest due to it’s non-violent, non-aggressive nature and spread to over a one hundred and fifty cities crossRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement1625 Words   |  7 PagesStarted on September 17, 2011, the Occupy Wall Street Movement began in the Financial District of New York City and has received resonance in other American cities as well as to 82 other countries. Concentrating on how the current economic system has affected peoples’ lives, the movement raised issues about the lack in democracy of the financial system, social and economic inequality, and the connection between financial and political power. The income inequality between the rich and the poor wasRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement1982 Words   |  8 PagesThe Occupy Movement is an international activist movement that fosters social and economic change and originated from the actions of the Occupy Wall Street movement (source #7). The focus is on the Occupy Wall Street movement that was launched on September 17th 2011 and was catalysed by Adbusters activist Micah White. White created a web page about the corruption that was happening surrounding the financial crisis in the United States leading to the most recent recession. Large corporations basedRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pages Occupy Wall Street has been called many things including: unfocused, ungrounded, and silly. Others coin it as â€Å"America’s first internet-era movement† (Rushkoff). In quintessence, Occupy Wall Street is a series of protests and demonstrations that oppose the influence that corporate greed has on American Democracy. The protestors manipulate marches and nonviolent demonstrations to express th eir dissatisfaction with the state of American Politics and economy. This relates to the political scienceRead MoreEssay on Occupy Wall Street Movement928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Occupy Wall Street Movement that began in New York Sept. 17 and has since spread like wildfire across the world has made an undeniable impact on the social and political climate of the Upper Midwest. | With various Occupy protest committees continuing to spring up across Minnesota and North Dakota, many working people in the region who, previously, might not have come together on other political issues say they have found common ground in the Occupy Movement. Union, non-union, white collarRead More Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesOccupy Wall Street Movement If heavy student loan debt , soaring tuition fee, climbing taxes, plummeting financial aid, nose-diving employment opportunities, exacerbating inequality between common people and wealthy class, are some of the issues that infuriate you and lead you to blame government’s generous bailing out failed banks and other financial institutions then you cannot not know about Occupy Wall Street(OWS) movement. List all information you know about your subject Occupy Wall StreetRead MoreEssay about Occupy Wall Street Movement1817 Words   |  8 Pageshead: OCCUPY WALL STREET Assignment #1 Occupy Wall Street Movement Brenda Bryant Dr. Obi. Iwuanyanwu BUS309 Business Ethics October 5, 2012 Discuss the moral and economic implications involved in the movement. The Occupy movement was a protest that gathered local organizers, students, and activists in response to the economic disparity of countries around the world. The protest gained momentum after a continuous series of protests took place in Zuccotti Park in New York Citys Wall StreetRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement and Ensuing Controversy Essay2019 Words   |  9 Pagesin Zuccotti Park, New York which is Wall Street’s financial district under the banner â€Å"Occupy Wall Street†: these three simple words are causing an uproar in America (Engler). Additionally, these three words happen to be protesting the current status of America’s financial condition. With the economy in America being as terrible as it is, and the unemployment rate skyrocketing, it is absolutely necessary for some sort of change to occur. The Occupy Wall Street protesting is most positively a progressiveRead More How the Media Portrays the Occupy Wall Street Movement1000 Words   |  4 Pagesof laws, to grass roots campaigns such as Occupy Wall Street. The Occupy Wall Street campaign has been portrayed negatively by the mainstream media outlets. Newspapers, radio, television, and the internet have painted the movement with offensive undertones, reporting the lows of the movement rather than the revolutionary aspects of the movement. A possible reason that the media has consistently framed this movement in a negative manner is that the movement is operating against the forces of societyRead MoreOccupy Wall Street: Positive Impact of the Protest Movement in USA1235 Words   |  5 PagesOccupy Wall Street Occupy wall Street is a protest movement in the United States of America which began on September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York Citys wall street financial district. This group was initiated by a Canadian activist and it has led to occupy protests and movements around the world. The Occupy Wall Street movement began as a collective expression due to the current economic conditions in the United States of America. Occupy Wall Street has a slogan which is We

Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review Free Essays

string(125) " this means that a preponderance of evidence indicate that the allegations of child abuse did actually occur \(Ifapa 2010\)\." Abstract Assessment of parenting capacity is vital for protection of children from maltreatment. Assessing the parent’s capacity to provide for the needs of the child, enhance their developmental experiences and to protect them from risk is a core task of child care agencies. However, agencies have not always acted in the best interests of the child as seen in the Serious Case Review in Bromley which revealed a significant neglect of two boys despite involvement of various agencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now This prompted the need to conduct Serious Case Review. Based on the assessment, the review panel recommended that processes of assessment and reviews be always informed by attempts to understand the situation from the viewpoint of the child. Whilst recognizing that the welfare of the child should be given paramount consideration, I argue for interventions that seek to address the needs of both the children and their families. Making reference to relevant legislation, policy and practice guidance I consider how, as a social worker in the Bromley case, I would have had due regard for the needs of all family members and how I would have conducted the relevant and required assessments. Assessment relating to children in the family Understanding what happens to children remains a core professional activity for social work agencies (DH 2000). Concerns about a child’s health and development and when such development is being impaired remains a core activity of the agencies. Child care agencies have the ultimate statutory responsibility of safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children (DH 2008). However, they have not always acted in the best interest of the child. This can be seen in the Serious Case Review in Bromley which revealed a significant neglect of two boys despite the involvement of multiple agencies. The two boys had been maltreated including being physically harmed. Despite strong evidence of the level of neglect, the agencies involved allowed themselves to be misled by the parents and continued to underestimate the level of neglect. In February 2010, one of the boys was found with a severe cut on his face which had been inflicted by his father. At this point, it was found necessary to conduct a Serious Case Review and the boys were placed into the care of the London Borough of Bromley (BSAB 2011) The Serious Case Review found that, in light of other parenting concerns, some of the physical injuries sustained by the child had not been fully investigated (BSAB 2011). The review found that agencies had overlooked the possibility that the boys might suffer physical harm. Whilst a stereotypical view that the family was neglectful had already been established, the agencies overlooked the evidence that such neglect could be accompanied by physical abuse (BSAB 2011). Based on the review, the panel recommended that processes of assessment and reviews be always informed by attempts to understand the situation from the viewpoint of the child (BSAB 2011). As a social worker in the Bromley case, I would have conducted the assessment with due regards for the needs of all family members. In other words, I would have conducted assessments relating to the children in the family and assessments relating to the adults in the family as well. In conducting these assessments, I would have taken an evidence based approach which involves systematically collecting the relevant information, distinguishing between the various sources and using the evidence gathered to evaluate the given approaches to intervention. Evidence based approach Often, we tend to think of evidence only as part of judicial process. Evidence can as well be used to inform the assessment process. Evidence must be at the heart of every decision from collection of information to implementation of intervention methods. For social workers to create a support system that addresses the challenges of the 21st century, they must not rely solely on practice wisdom but rather must make use of evidence based knowledge in informing decision making (DH 2008) In this regard, as a social worker in the Bromley case, I would have conducted an evidence-based assessment by identifying, gathering and using the evidence to support and evaluate the given approaches to assessment. This would include systematically recording the information and distinguish between the various sources such as interviews with family members, observations and records from other agencies (Milner Bryne 2010). Some of the questions that I would consider include: What is the nature of information gathered How has this information been produced How can practitioners access the evidence How can this evidence be used to inform practice(Milner Bryne 2010) How I would conduct assessments relating to children in the family In conducting this assessment, the child’s point of view becomes a priority and interview with participants (child and abusive parent) is tailored to the child’s developmental ability (Holland 2004). Before making contact with the family, I would first contact the law enforcement agency to seek their consent. It should be noted that contacting the family without the consent of law enforcement might compromise the criminal investigation (NDHHS 2005). Where criminal activity is alleged, it would be necessary to request to be assigned a law enforcement officer and for the child to be placed in protective custody. Gathering of information I would then contact the reporting party and any other person that might have relevant information about the allegations for further clarification of the information at hand. This will include reviewing previous information. Previous allegations which were not effectively addressed may warrant attention as part of the current intervention (NDHHS 2005). Factors that would determine whether previous allegations may warrant attention as part of the current intervention include: Severity of both the past and present allegations. Length of time that has lapsed and The Degree of similarity between the past and present allegations (NDHHS 2005). Determination The information gathered from interview with the child and the parent, and information from the reporting party will be useful in coming to a determination. There are two possible outcomes: ‘Founded’ – this means that a preponderance of evidence indicate that the allegations of child abuse did actually occur (Ifapa 2010). You read "Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review" in category "Essay examples" ‘Unfounded’ – this means that the preponderance of evidence indicate that the allegations might not be true (Ifapa 2010). Analyzing the information collected for decision making I would cross-reference all the agencies’ reports and evidence obtained from interviews with the child and parent as well as any other useful sources of information. If the allegations turn out to be true based upon credible information such interview with the child, information from physician, and law enforcement report; a number of questions would arise such as: How significant was the maltreatment What effect did the maltreatment had on the child’s developmental and behavioural outcomes Why did the agencies involved ignore the level of neglect Why, in light of other parenting concerns, was the physical abuse not fully investigated At what stage should the agencies have invoked child protection procedures With the preponderance of evidence indicating that the allegations of child maltreatment did occur, I would then conduct a risk assessment to assess the current safety of the child and determine whether the child can be left in the parent’s care or placed in protection. Assessing the risk of maltreatment . In order to determine the risk rating, I would evaluate the following: How extensive are the risks (severity of maltreatment) and how long they have existed Whether the parents recognize and acknowledge the risk that they pose to the child And whether they are willing to seek help and support from care agencies. If the child is found to be in imminent danger, I would contact the county attorney or law enforcement officer to help initiate emergency removal of the child from the parent’s care. I would also assess whether other children in the household are at risk of maltreatment as well. In determining the imminent threat that the child faces, I would first assess the behaviours or conditions causing the threat and then identify the most effective intervention. Risk Evaluation and Safety Plan will help with the assessment process. Unsafe conditions do not necessarily imply that the child should be placed under placement. I would consider other services for controlling dangerous conditions. In Bromley’s case, had the father been found guilty of abuse and arrested for a specific period of time, the safety concerns of the child would have been controlled as the perpetrator will be out of home. A major provision of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 is to make â€Å"reasonable efforts† to ensure that the child remains safely at home before being placed in foster care (Millner Bryne 2010). As such, various services would be considered including day care, family crisis counseling, and respite care among many others. But should the parents refuse to cooperate in using such services, I would consider contacting law enforcement officer for emergency removal of the child from the parent’s care. In conducting the assessment, I would also ensure that the principles and provisions embodied in the Children Act 1989 are adhered to. In particular, I would apply the ‘paramountcy principle’ which requires that the child’s welfare be made paramount when making decisions about child upbringing (NSPCC 2012). This principle is also set out in the Family Law Reform Act 1995. The Family Law Act 1975 was amended to include the legal principle that the child’s best interest be regarded as paramount in any litigation concerning child upbringing (Family Law Council 2004). This principle would be at the heart of the assessment process. That is, the welfare of the child would be given paramount consideration and a checklist of factors would be considered before reaching a decision on whether or not to place the child under protection programs. Fig.1 Genogram illustrating the strength of family relationships (DH 2008) A genogram can be used to illustrate the strength of the family relationships. That is, how close or far apart the family members are, how flexible they are and how well they respond to each other’s needs. Fig.3 Ecomap showing the relationship between the child with immediate family, wider kin and the community An ecomap can also be drawn to illustrate the relationship of the child with immediate family, the wider kin and the community at large. The centre of focus will be the child as shown in fig.2 To indicate the strength of the relationship, I would used different types of lines as shown below: Assessments relating to Adults in the family But conducting assessments from the viewpoint of the child is important for safeguarding and ensuring developmental needs of the child, it would only be fair and ethical for assessments to be conducted with due regard for the needs of all family members. Assessments relating to the adults in the family should have been done as well in Bromley Special Case Review. It should be noted that neglectful families do not just exist in a vacuum. A number of factors can contribute to parent’s maltreatment of their children including factors such as lack of community support, society characteristics, deprived neighbourhoods, family stress, domestic violence, parent’s childhood and developmental history and many other factors (DePanfilis 2006). Parent’s views with regard to issues of child protection concerns have been well documented. In their study of short-term accommodation, Aldgate Bradley (1999) found that parents were reluctant to seek for support from social services due to fears of: Losing their children to child protection enquiries Being perceived failed parents (DOH 2000) Whilst parents may be in need of help and support from social services, the fear of losing their children to child protection agencies and being seen as failed parents deter them from seeking the much needed support. They want help but not at the cost of forfeiting their parental responsibilities (DOH 2000) It is also important to understand the role played by the wider family in providing support. Sometimes, extended families may not provide the much needed support or may be caught up in their own problems (Trevithick 2000). Additionally, parents may not wish to acknowledge to their wider kin about the problems facing them. It is difficult for people seeking help to state their needs especially when these needs are tangled amid feelings of confusion, humiliation, fear and despair (Trevithick 2000). Similarly, it would be necessary to assess the role played by the community in providing practical and emotional support to the family. Social workers must chart both the relationship of parents with the wider kin and their current wider connections to their communities. The absence of physical and emotional support limits the adult’s sense of wellbeing and control (DH 2008). There is also need to consider the impact that environment may have on parental capacity. This is a factor which has been given little consideration in social work. The concerns over the omission of environmental considerations in sociological research have been noted by Jack (1997) and Stevenson (1998). However, research studies have shown that children living in economically deprived neighbourhoods are the most affected, often with deterioration in their health and poor educational development (DH 2008). Environmental considerations have an impact on both the children and the young adults’ ability to succeed as effective parents. Social isolation from the community combined with lack of support from extended families and deprived neighbourhoods can adversely impact on parents’ mental and physical health. As a social worker in Bromley case, I would have also conducted an assessment relating to the adults in the family. The assessment would focus on the needs of the family and how these needs impact on their parenting behaviour. A key distinguishing factor between this assessment with that of the child is that it looks at the relationships between the adults in the family, the extended family and wider community, and examines how this impacts on their parenting capacity (Parker Bradley 2000). Also, the focus of assessment is mainly on the adult. The assessment examines the needs of the adult and whether these needs have been met. The legal basis that guides this assessment comprise of a range of legislations such as The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996, NHS, Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 and subsequent statutory guidance (Parker Bradley 2000). On the other hand, the legal basis guiding the assessment relating to children is The Children Act 1989 and Subsequent Statutory guidance. How I would conduct assessments with due regards to needs of all family members To ensure that all the family members are involved, it would be necessary to use a structured interview protocol. This would ensure thorough gathering of information, accuracy of information gathered, and an increase in staff control over the assessment process. Most importantly, the involvement of all family members would ensure that the assessment is done with due regards for the needs of all the family members. As such, face to face interviews would be conducted in the following order: First, with the child Second, with siblings interviews with adult caretakers Interviews with the parent who is alleged to have maltreated the child And finally, with the family as a whole Interviewing the identified child The interview with the child will seek to gather information about the child maltreatment and assess the child’s immediate safety needs. Information collected at this point include: the child’s explanation, the child’s current conditions, severity of the maltreatment, effects such as fear and extreme withdrawal, the child’s characteristics, and the child’s perception of their relationship with parents and others in the household (NDHHS 2005). Interview with siblings After interviewing the child, I would then conduct an interview with the siblings and other children in the household. The purpose is to determine whether these children have also experienced maltreatment and to assess their level of vulnerability. Interviewing the caretakers This will be followed by an interview with the custodians or rather the caretakers. At this stage, I would seek the caretaker’s personal opinion about the child’s vulnerability to maltreatment and determine the parent’s capacity to protect the child. Information gathered from the interview include: the approach to and view of parenting, relationship with the children, methods used to discipline the children, relationships with extended family, view of supports from the wider community and the climate of the neighbourhood (Holland 2004). Interview with the alleged maltreating parent This is yet another crucial point of the assessment process. The abusive parent will be interviewed to check and get a confirmation from them whether allegations of maltreatment did actually occur. Information gathered from the interview with the parent would include: the parent’s view of the child, his/her explanations about the alleged maltreatment, the parent’s response to the incident, the approach to parenting, relationship with the children, and relationship with the wider kin and the community (NDHHS 2005). Close interviews with family Having completed the interviews, I would convene the family and share with them a summary of my findings, seek their individual responses, show appreciation of their participation, and discuss key concerns raised about the child maltreatment. With the interviews with the participants completed, I would then analyze the information collected for purposes of making informed decisions. Analysis of information gathered relating to the adults I would examine whether the family has been benefiting from ‘direct payments’ as provided for under The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996. This act bestows power to the local authority to make direct cash payments to individuals who are in need of care as opposed to providing those persons community care services (Glasby Littlechild 2009). It is expected that these individuals use the money to secure themselves the services that they need. The service is provided by the government as a means of ‘self-directed support’ to increase autonomy and independence of people (Duffy 2007). Specific issues that I would considered in the review Has the family been receiving direct payments from the government as provided for under The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 Is there a clear evidence of significant harm to the child Given that the father suffered from epilepsy, did the medical condition hinder his parenting ability and did he receive support from the extended family Did the agencies involved identify the needs of the family and did they seek to address these needs by providing them with the much needed support What is the relationship between the parents and the community And how has isolation and lack of community support adversely affected their parenting capacity How has the neighbourhood impacted on the parent’s mental and physical health Were the wishes and feelings of the adults in the family considered and adequately addressed Were appropriate care plans to support parenting capacity put in place by the agencies involved What could have been the outcome if these parents had received support from the extended families and community at large Do assessments appear to have been reached in an informed and professional way having had due regards for the needs of all family members A focus of the assessment on the adults in the family does not imply that the problem of child maltreatment has been forgotten. This family focused approach is to ensure the best outcome for both the child and adults in the family. The principles of family focused practice affirm the primary importance of ensuring the child’s well-being and recognizing the mutual significance of the child and the family (Kendall et al. 2010). I would then think of interventions that will serve the interests of both the children and adults in the family. A range factors can be used to select the appropriate intervention. Among these factors is the appropriate application of social work methods developed from psychosocial theories (DH 2008). These methods include family therapy, cognitive behavioural work, crisis intervention, psychosocial casework, task-centred casework and counseling among many others (DH 2008). The choice of the method would be influenced by the knowledge of what works under particular circumstances. Fig.1 developmental and ecological perspective of child maltreatment (DH 2008) Another important dimension that I would consider in the assessment is the decision whether to place the child in protection program or to have the child looked after at home. Should the decision be made for the child to be placed in protective custody, I would consider factors surrounding placement including plans for adoption or reunification (DOH 2000). Conclusion Whilst concerns about a child’s health and development remains a core professional activity of social care agencies, these agencies have not always acted in the best interest of the child. A prime example of this can be seen with the Serious Case Review in Bromley which revealed a significant neglect of two boys despite the involvement of various agencies. The review found that agencies had overlooked the possibility that the boys might suffer physical harm. Based on the assessment, it was recommended that processes of assessment and reviews be always informed by attempts to understand the situation from the viewpoint of the child. But as we have seen, assessments should be conducted with due regard to the needs of all family members. Assessments should be conducted in relation to the children in the family and adults as well. An evidence based approach that involves identifying, gathering and using the evidence to support and evaluate the given approaches to assessment should be taken. Interventions that serve the interests of both the parents and the children should be implemented. Interventions can take the form of therapy, cognitive behavioural work, crisis intervention, psychosocial casework, task-centred casework and counseling among many others. The choice of intervention is influenced by the knowledge of what works under particular circumstances. Reference Aldgate, J. and Bradley, M., 1999. Supporting Families through Short Term Fostering. The Stationery Office, London. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board (BSAB), 2011. Bromley Serious Case Review Protocol. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board. BSAB, 2011. Child D and Child B: A Serious Case Review. Bromley Safeguarding Adults Board Department of Health (DH), 2000. Assessing Children in Need and their Families: Practice Guidance. TSO Department of Health (DH), 2007, Putting People First. TSO Department of Health (DH), 2008. Carers at the heart of 21st century families and communities: a caring system on your side, a life of your own. Department of Health. DePanfilis, D., 2006. Child neglect: a guide for prevention, assessment and intervention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Duffy, S., 2007. ‘Care Management and Self Directed Support’. Journal of Integrated Care Volume 15 (5) Family Law Council, 2004. The ‘Child Paramountcy Principle’ in the Family Law Act. Discussion paper Glasby, J. and Littlechild, R., 2009. Direct Payments and Personal Budgets: Putting Personalisation Into Practice. Bristol: Policy Press Holland, S., 2004. Children and Family Assessment in Social Work Practice. Sage publications Iowa Foster and Adoptive Parents Association (Ifapa), 2010. The child abuse assessment: a guide for foster parents. Iowa Foster and Adoptive Parents Association. Jack, G., 1997. ‘An Ecological Approach to Social Work with Children and Families’. Child and Family Social Work. 2: 109–120. Kendall, S., Rodger, J. and Palmer, H., 2010. The use of whole family assessment to identify the needs of families with multiple problems. Department for Education Laming, H., 2003. The Victoria Climbie Inquiry Report.. London. TSO Millner,J. and Byrne, 2010. Assessment in Social Work. 3rd edition. Palgrave Nebraska Department of Health and Human services (NDHHS), 2005. Initial assessment guide book, Nebraska Department of Health and Human services NSPCC, 2012. An introduction to child protection legislation in the UK. NSPCC Parker,J. and Bradley, G., 2000. Social Work Practice- Assessment, Planning, Intervention and Review. Learning Matters Sharkey, P., 2006. The essentials of community care: a guide for practitioners. London: Palgrave Smale, G. and Tuson, G., 1993. Assessment, Care Management the Skilled Worker. Macmillan Stevenson, O., 1998. Neglected Children: Issues and Dilemmas. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Trevithick, P., 2000. Social Work Skills: A Practice Handbook. OPU White, A., 2005. Assessment of parenting capacity. Centre for Parenting Research How to cite Recommendations Of The Bromley Serious Case Review, Essay examples

Sample Solution Production Possibility Curve Or Production Possibilit

Question: Describe about the Production Possibility Curve or Production Possibility. Answer: 1. Production Possibility Curve or Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) shows the possible combinations of production of two goods. It is a graphical representation of an economys output, which shows the efficient use of resources available in the economy. The assumptions for creating a PPF are: there are two goods being produced in the economy, the resources and technology is constant. The availability of factors of production is also limited, which is divided in two goods production process (Manning, 2014). A PPF is constructed in the Figure 1 where, the two goods produced in the economy are butter and mobiles. Figure 1. PPF curve of butter and mobiles Source: As created by the author. The X axis shows production of mobiles and the Y axis shows production of butter. The points X, Y, and Z represent most efficient application of available resources in the economy. Increasing production of butter by moving from point Z to point X will decrease production of mobiles. To increase the production of one good the economy has to sacrifice producing another good, as the available resources are being transferred to the other goods production. This sacrifice of producing mobiles is called opportunity cost. If there were abundance in resources, increasing production of butter would not require the sacrifice of production of mobiles. But in reality, resources are scarce. This is why; production of one good requires resources from the other production process. The scarcity of resources is the reason of the PPF curve being concave (Mankiw, 2014). The points X, Y, and Z shows the efficient points as the resources are used efficiently to achieve that amount of production. The point A represents inefficiency in production process as the production process is not able to absorb all the available scarce resources. Any point under and on the concave curve represents attainable points as the producers of the economy can use variation in resource allocation to attain those points. Those points outside the PPF curve, for example B, are called unattainable points as no combination of resource allocation will be enough to reach these points (Baumol, Blinder, 2015). The only way to achieve production on point B is rise in available resources or change in technology. A new technology will decrease the cost of production and more resources will be available. This will move the curve outward. If there is a decrease in resources or loss in technology the curve will shift inward. Figure 2. Shift of PPF curve. Source: As created by author. In the figure above, PPF1 is the primary Production Possibility Frontier. Assuming the available technology got improved, the PPF curve shifts outward to PPF2. Now the two goods economy can use the same amount of resources to produce more butter and mobiles. Now, if there was a shortage in resources, the PPF curve would have shifted inward to PPF3. In this case, the production process loses the ability to produce at the same amount before as the points X, Y, and Z now unattainable. Here, fewer amounts of mobiles and butter can be produced. If the available technology goes backward, which is less likely, the PPF curve will shift to the left (Kato, 2016). 2. A market is called perfectly competitive when there are a large number of producers and sellers. Because of this huge number no one can influence the market. The price is equal to the marginal cost of production. Increase of price in one sellers product will make the producer lose the market demand. The price of the products is perfectly elastic. It means, a small change in price will have a large impact on demand (Koschker, Mst, 2015). The family farmers of Australia sell their products at a certain price. Import of vegetable products in the country is reducing their price. The cost of production for the family farmers is still the same. They are in a perfectly competitive market. In case of a competitive market a seller sets his price at his marginal cost of production. The super markets, which are selling the imported goods are changing the price for the vegetable products. This makes the market for the family farmers tough to exist. Products being sold by family farmers will be costlier than the price of vegetables which are being imported in Australia. The local farmers are thus leaving their jobs and moving out of their lands (Aussie Farmers Direct, 2016). Due to this uneven competition, since 1981 the number of farmers dropped by 40 percent. In Tasmania, there are now about 5,000 farms, contrasted with 7,200 about 30 years ago. About one-fourth of Tasmania is currently committed to farming, compared with 50 percent of Victoria and 80 per cent of Queensland (Joyce, 2014). Figure 3. Perfectly competitive market. Source: As created by the author. In the figure above, P1 is the price level where the local farmers are operating. The super markets are offering price P2. This shifts the supply curve downward from Supply 1 to Supply 2. Theoretically, no one will buy vegetables from the people charging P1. The number of producers will decrease as they cannot meet their cost of production. In the case of Australian farming market, those farmers who can meet their production cost level at the price level P2 will only remain in the market (Rios, McConnell, Brue, 2013). Price in a perfectly competitive market is extremely elastic. This means, a change in price will shift the demand pattern largely. The local have no influence over the market price. As their selling price is higher than the products in super markets, people are not buying from them. Perfectly competitive market also implies homogeneous goods are being sold in the market. So farmers cannot sell their products as their desired price is greater than that of the super markets (Burkhard, Kroll, Nedkov, Mller, 2012). Australia is importing vegetables at a cheaper rate making the price lower than that of local farmers pushing farmers out of their lands. Vegetable growing operations have dropped since 2014-15 by 15 percent. According to Mr. Kruup, what we as an industry need to do, is we need to look at ways in which growers can reduce their production cost and increase their competitiveness against foreign imports (Mkomwa, Kaumbutho, Makungu, 2015). 3. A) Pokmon Go is a "location-based augmented reality game". It was created by Niantic for iOS and Android operating systems. The vital parts of the game are played through mobile phones' GPS system. Pokmons, i.e. virtual creatures appear on the screen as if they were at the real-world location as the player. The game has gotten both positive and negative reviews. The game has both positive and negative external effects (Cordato, 2013). The negative external effects associated with Nintendos Pokmon go Application (NPA) are: Accidents/ losing awareness of the surroundings: Players of Pokmon go often lose awareness of their surroundings while walking on the road with heavy traffic or walking by the edge of a roof. Several reports came in which described Pokmon go as the reason for accident. Breaking the law: One of the attractions of the game is real world location. To find and catch Pokmons, people often go through places where trespassing is prohibited. The players often break laws in order to get their desired creatures. Losing sense of time: The game needs concentration. People playing the game lose sense of time while playing, and often forget about important stuffs. No matter which time it is, people starts hunting Pokmons with a phone in hand often make others life hard. Security vulnerability for the players using Google accounts for the game: The game requires the players to log in through their Google accounts. The game can access all the details of the account. This makes the security of the players information vulnerable. Planned robberies: There were many reports of robbers using the Pokemon go app to lure in potential victims. They wait for the Pokemon go players in deserted places and rob them People going into business for capturing Pokmon and not supporting the businesses: One of the objectives of the game is to make sure that people go to places like local shops. This will help the small scale businessmen to sell their products. This way the app is targeted to support them. But the players going into business for catching Pokmons are often not buying anything. Losing sleep over night: People losing track of time often leads them to miss their schedule. The players stay awake to catch Pokemons. This causes serious health issues. Server tends to crash due to huge signings: With a large number of people logging in for the game often leads the server to crash. It requires resources to get the server back to its functional form again (Dudley-Nicholson, 2016) B) A negative externality is the cost of a third party's suffering, which is the result of a transaction of two economic agents. People affected due to this transaction indirectly are the victims of negative externalities. A negative externality causes social costs. Demand curve gets higher than the social benefits, or the social costs get higher than the supply curve in a demand-supply model due to negative externalities. The presence of negative externalities makes the market outcome inefficient and diverts from the optimum point of society. The output of the market is greater than the social optimum when negative externality occurs. An economically efficient economy produces more goods than an inefficient one (Henderson, 2014). In the case of a presence of a negative externality, third parties experience adverse effects of an economic transaction, which they are forced to be involved. The market as a whole reduces its profits to repair the damage caused by the negative externalities. The market uses additional reserves to make up for the costs incurred. This is the reason the market becomes inefficient. To maximize economic efficiency, the authorities have to ensure the market failures and imperfections are reduced (Lin 2014). References: Aussie Farmers Direct,. (2016). Family farmers continue to be pushed off the land. | Aussie Farmers Direct. Aussie Farmers Direct. Retrieved 3 September 2016, from https://www.aussiefarmers.com.au/page/our-story-slash-home-truths-slash-food-manufacturing-in-australia Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015). Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S., Mller, F. (2012). Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets. Ecological Indicators, 21, 17-29. Cordato, R. (2013). Welfare economics and externalities in an open ended universe: A modern Austrian perspective. Springer Science Business Media. Dudley-Nicholson,. (2016). Do you want Pokemon Go with that? Aussie businesses trading on apps. NewsComAu. Retrieved 3 September 2016, from https://www.news.com.au/technology/home-entertainment/gaming/apps/how-nintendos-pokemon-go-app-is-helping-australian-business-but-hurting-some-of-its-users/news-story/08ec2f37376f516c0bce662aab4b8ef4 Henderson, J. V. (2014). Economic theory and the cities. Academic Press. Joyce, B. (2014). Canberra observed: Our farmers under siege from government policies. News Weekly, (2935), 3. Kato, H. (2016). Population Growth and Technological ProgressFrom a Historical View. In An Empirical Analysis of Population and Technological Progress (pp. 1-19). Springer Japan. Koschker, S., Mst, D. (2015). Perfect competition vs. strategic behaviour models to derive electricity prices and the influence of renewables on market power. OR Spectrum, 1-26. Lin, S. A. (Ed.). (2014). Theory and measurement of economic externalities. Academic Press. Mankiw, N. G. (2014). Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. MANNING, R. (2014). production-possibility frontier. Production Sets, 51. Mkomwa, S., Kaumbutho, P., Makungu, P. (2015). Farm Machinery for Conservation Agriculture. In Conservation Agriculture (pp. 109-131). Springer International Publishing. Rios, M. C., McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L. (2013). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill.